Dr. D. Suresh Babu is a practicing Radiographer, and Lab technician, born on 6th June 1967 at Kolar Gold Fields also called “LITTLE ENGLAND”, located in the hilly tracts of Kolar District in Karnataka State of India. The 2^nd child of Late Mr. M.D. Pragasam and Mrs. Chandra with three brothers Ramesh, Sathya , Thangarasu and one sister Mythili. Married to Mrs. Jayanthi in 2005. Grown in a family active in Trade Unionism and social service activities. married with G. Jayanthi  in 2005. His father Mr. MD Pragasam was employee of BGML as pipe fitter masthry 40 years service Jt. Secretry  of CITU Trade Union. He is a writer and a director.

Dr. D. Suresh Babu studied Primary and Middle schooling at Mariya Vidyalaya, Champion Reef’s, K.G.F, High School at St. Mary’s Boys High School, K.G.F. Did his Diploma in Radiography at PES College Bangalore in the year 1984-86. Undergone Radiography training at BGML Hospital K.G.F. Did his Graduation B.A. at First Grade College, K.G.F in 1990. Established  K.G.F X’RAY LAB AND DIOGNOSTIC CENTRE in 1992 at Robersonpet, K.G.F.. Completed his Doctorate in Social Welfare From Golden State University, Nevada, United States of America. Member of  Rural Medical Practioner  at Hyderabad. Completed DMLT Diploma in Lab Technician at Anjel Community College Bangalore in 2000 to2002. Established MD Pragasam Chandra Group of Institutions in 2011.

                The influence of his Father and the suffering of people he saw made him selfless and struggle for the down trodden and poor by conducting free medical camps and many other development programs, and construction of bus shelter and free reading room at Gilberts Corner in the name of his father Com. M.D. Pragasam. This made him a Philanthropist. He started his service as member of the following organizations:

·         President of All India Human Rights Organization of Kolar District.

·         President of Dr. B.R.Ambedkar  Kannada Seva Sangha  Kolar District.

·         Organizing Secretary of Sri Patanjali Yoga Shikshana Samithi.

·         President of Com. M.D.Pragasam Charitable Trust.

These untiring service to mankind has made him recognizable to the society, which in turn has recognized his service and awarded him with different awards.

Ø  "GOLD IS GOLD NARPANI NAYAGAN" Awarded by Tamil Nadu Cinema Kalai Mandram .

Ø  "SEVAI THILAGAM" Awarded by South India Cultural Academy.

Ø  "DIAMOND IS DIAMOND MANIDA NEYA SEMMAL" Awarded by Ajantha Fine Arts Tamilnadu.

Ø  "MANIDA NEYA MAMANI" Awarded by Tamil Thai Ara Kattalai, Trichy, Tamilnadu.

Ø  "TAMIL SUDAR" Awarded by Thiruvallur Tamil Illakiya Kalagam.

Ø  "MANIDA NEYA MAMANI" Awarded by Palam Chennai.

Ø  Distinction Award by Holy "THE HOME OF LETTERS" Bhubaneswar.

Ø  "THE MAN OF THE YEAR" Awarded by THE HOME OF LETTERS Bhubaneswar.

Ø  "ADMIRABLE PERSONALITY OF INDIA" Awarded by Friendship Forum Of India New Delhi.

Ø  The Author of "ANCIENT WISDOM" to be Published by "THE HOME OF LETTERS (HOLY) Bhubaneswar.

Kola gold field historical events ,the human body ,the mummies ,pathology published by power publishers Kolkata

Contact the Author:

Official Address: Dr.D.Suresh Babu KGF X’RAY and ECG Lab Diagnostic Centre, M.D.Pragasam Chandra Building, 1st cross Road Robertson pet kgf Karnataka-563122. Ph: 08153-260271. Mobile:+91-9880090481.

Residence: DR.D. Suresh Babu # 53, South Gilberts Block, Marikuppam Post, kgf K.G.F Karnataka -563117

 

Notes on this Edition:

This New Edition in mummies is edited by me. D. Suresh Babu Prop: of KGF ‘X’ Ray & Lab Diagnostic situated at MD Pragasam Chandra building 1^st Cross Road of Robertson pet, K.G.F. mob 9880090481

This is edited to make it simplified manner after referring the following book:-

1. journalism Hand book

2.Yellow journalism

This is most useful for JOURNALISTS ALL MEDIAS ,jOURNALISM Students ,GENERAL READERS

With wishes

D. SURESH BABU

AUTHOR

JOURNALISM

THE INVESTIGATION AND REPORTING OF EVENTS, ISSUES AND TRENDS FOR A MASS AUDIENCE

JOURNALISM is the practice of investigating and reporting events, issues and trends to the mass audiences of print, broadcast and online media such as newspapers, magazines and books, radio and television stations and networks, and blogs and social and mobile media.

• The product generated by such activity is called journalism.
   
• People who gather and package news and information for mass dissemination are journalists.
   
• The field includes writing, editing, design and photography.

With the idea in mind of informing the citizenry, journalists cover individuals, organizations, institutions, governments and businesses as well as cultural aspects of society such as arts and entertainment. News media are the main purveyors of information and opinion about public affairs.

WHAT DOES A JOURNALIST DO?

The main intention of those working in the journalism profession is to provide their readers and audiences with accurate, reliable information they need to function in society.   There are many different jobs in journalism. For instance, a news journalist might be involved with:    Researching stories. Newspaper, magazine and web stories require research before writing. All writers have to conduct research and gather information before they can start writing. Journalists use three tools to gather information for stories: observation, interview and background research.  Writing hard news and feature stories. Hard news stories are short, very timely and focus on  telling you what's just happened starting with the most important thing first. Feature stories, on the other hand, are not as timely, yet need a topical news peg (raison d'etre or reason for existence). Newspaper and Web features, and magazine articles, are more in-depth and less rigidly structured. They might be interviews, travel reports, how-to articles, profiles, tear jerkers, etc Shooting photographs and video. Photojournalists in print and on the air use their still and moving images to tell a story with very few words. Multitasking is more and more a part of life in media, which makes photography a useful skill for writers to have.  Editing stories. Editors prepare and improve the work of other people. They correct grammar errors and straighten out organizational issues. They write headlines and make sure the publication has a consistent style. At many publications, copy editors are an endangered species and journalists are expected to get it right the first time with no safety net.

HOW TO WRITE HEADLINES

Checking facts. Newspapers rarely employ people to check facts in articles. Magazines still do check facts, but it's becoming less common.  Planning issues. Editors are responsible for all the content in a newspaper, magazine or website. As journalists advance upward in job responsibility, they do less actual writing and more planning and management of other writers, editors and designers.   Laying out pages. Editors design and layout pages mixing copy written by reporters with photos shot by photographers and other art. At smaller papers, reporters sometimes lay out pages in addition to writing the copy for them and shooting the photos for them. Magazine editors, on the other hand, usually have an art department to design pages. Whoever designs it, layout is accomplished using software such as Quark XPress and Adobe InDesign. Ability to use those programs is a valuable skill for a journalist.

SOME JOURNALISM LINGO
COMPLETE JOURNALISM GLOSSARY »

ADVOCACY JOURNALISM:

 a style of journalism in which a reporter takes sides in controversial issues and develops a point of view. It is the opposite of mainstream journalism, in which reporters are expected to be objective.
AMBUSH JOURNALISM:

aggressive tactics practiced by journalists who suddenly confront and question people who otherwise do not wish to speak to a journalist.
ARTICLES:

 stories written about news topics that are considered notable by the editors of a publication.
ATTRIBUTION:

credit given to who said what or the source of facts
BACKGROUND:

information that is not intended for publication
BYLINE:

the name of the reporter
CELEBRITY JOURNALISM:

 also known as people journalism, it focuses on the personal lives of celebrities, including movie and stage actors, musical artists, models and photographers, sports figures, and notable people in the entertainment industry, as well as people who seek attention, such as politicians, and people thrust into the attention of the public, such as people who do something newsworthy.
CHECKBOOK JOURNALISM:

 journalists paying a person or organization for a news story.
CITIZEN JOURNALIST:

the rapid rise of Internet technology, in particular blogging, tweeting and social networking, have empowered persons without professional training to function sometimes as journalists feeding information to mass media. These practitioners now are known as a distinct category -- citizen journalists.
COLUMNIST:

an article writer who gives an opinion on a topic
EDITOR:

the person who "edits" a story by revising and polishing; the person whose job is to approve copy when it comes in and to make decisions about what is published in a newspaper or magazine.
EDITORIAL:

 an article expressing a newspaper or magazine owner's or editor's position on an issue.
FEATURE ARTICLES:

 longer forms of news writing; topics covered in depth; sometimes the main article on the front page of a newspaper, or the cover story in a magazine. Feature writing is journalistic writing covering people, places and events in greater depth and with less timeliness than an immediate hard news story.
FIVE WS AND H:

 the primary questions a news story answers -- Who? What? Where? When? Why? and How?
GONZO JOURNALISM:

 a type of journalism popularized by Hunter S. Thompson in the 1970s. It was characterized by a punchy style, rough language, and a disregard for conventional journalistic writing forms and customs. The traditional objectivity of the journalist was given up through immersion in the story.
INVERTED PYRAMID:

the structure of a news story which places the important facts at the beginning and less important facts and details at the end, enabling the editor to cut bottom portion of the story if space is required.
INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM:

a story that requires a great amount of research digging and hard work to come up with facts that might be hidden, buried, or obscured by people who have a vested interest in keeping those facts from being published; reporters research, investigate and expose unethical, immoral, and illegal behavior by individuals, businesses and government agencies.
JAZZ JOURNALISM:

 the journalism fashion of the roaring twenties named for its energetic style and illustrated tabloid layout.
JOURNALISTS:

 writers, editors, photographers, videographers, broadcast presenters, producers and others who are the purveyors of information and opinion in contemporary mass society.
LEAD:

the first sentence or first few sentences of a story
MANAGING EDITOR:

 the person who co-ordinates all news departments by collecting all copy and ensuring that all instructions for printer or typist are clear and consistent; the person who meets and consults with the staff to make a plan
NEW JOURNALISM:

 an unconventional writing style popularized in the 1960s by Tom Wolfe, Truman Capote, and Norman Mailer using the techniques of fictional story-telling and characterization when writing nonfiction stories.
NEWS:

information about recent and important events.
NEWS WRITING:

the prose writing style used for news reporting in media such as newspapers, magazines, radio, television, books and the Internet.
PACK JOURNALISM:

 reporters relying on each other for news tips and often dependent on a single source for information
PRINT JOURNALISM:

the practice of journalism in newspapers, magazines and other hard-copy printed publications.
PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISM:

 a form of news reporting which developed in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century, along with formal schools of journalism which arose at major universities.
REPORTERS:

 the people who gather facts for the stories they are assigned to write
SCIENCE JOURNALISM:

 reporters convey news information on science topics to the public. Science journalists are reporters who understand and interpret detailed, technical information and jargon and write news stories about them so they will be interesting to readers.
SOURCE:

 a person who talks to a reporter on the record, for attribution in a news story
SPORTS JOURNALISM:

 covers human athletic competition in newspapers, magazines, radio, television, books and the Internet. Some don't consider sports journalism to be true journalism, but the prominence of sports in Western culture has justified the attention of journalists to not just the competitive events in sports, but also to athletes and the business of sports.
STYLE:

conformity of language use by all writers in a publication (e.g., AP style is conformity to the rules of language according to the Associated Press)
TELEVISION JOURNALISM:

over-the-air and cable transmission of news stories enhanced by sound and video images.
WIRE SERVICES:

 news gathering and delivery services, or agencies, that provide news from around the world to publications that subscribe for a fee. Best known are the Associated Press, Reuters, United Press International, Agence France-Presse and Canadian Press. Wire services are co-operatives that share news stories among members.
YELLOW JOURNALISM:

inflammatory publication tactics attributed to newspaperman William Randolph Hearst and others in drumming up support for war against Spain in the 1890s. Today, it is aggressive, lurid and irresponsible journalism.

HISTORY OF JOURNALISM

Johann Carolus's Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien, published in 1605 in Strassburg, is often recognized as the first newspaper. The first successful English daily, the Daily Courant, was published from 1702 to 1735.^[7] The reform of the Diário Carioca newspaper in the 1950s is usually referred to as the birth of modern journalism in Brazil.^[8] Various trends and tendencies throughout the history of American Journalism have been labeled "new journalism." Robert E. Park, for instance, in his Natural History of the Newspaper, referred to the advent of the penny press in the 1830s as "new journalism."^[1] Likewise, the appearance of the yellow press, papers such as Joseph Pulitzer's New York World in the 1880s, led journalists and historians to proclaim that a "New Journalism" had been created. Ault and Emery, for instance, said "Industrialization and urbanization changed the face of America during the latter half of the Nineteenth century, and its newspapers entered an era known as that of the 'New Journalism.'"^[2] In 1960, John Hohenberg, in The Professional Journalist, called the interpretive reporting which developed after World War II a "new journalism which not only seeks to explain as well as to inform; it even dares to teach, to measure, to evaluate."^[3] During the sixties and seventies, the term enjoyed widespread popularity, often with meanings bearing manifestly little or no connection with one another. Although James E. Murphy noted that "...most uses of the term seem to refer to something more specific than vague new directions in journalism",^[4] Curtis D. MacDougal devoted the Preface of the Sixth Edition of his Interpretative Reporting to New Journalism and cataloged many of the contemporary definitions: "Activist, advocacy, participatory, tell-it-as-you-see-it, sensitivity, investigative, saturation, humanistic, reformist and a few more."^[5] The Magic Writing Machine—Student Probes of the New Journalism, a collection edited and introduced by Everette E. Dennis, came up with six categories, labeled new nonfiction (reportage), alternative journalism ("modern muckraking"), advocacy journalism, underground journalism and precision journalism.^[6] Michael Johnson's The New Journalism addresses itself to three phenomena: the underground press, the artists of nonfiction, and changes in the established media.^[7] Journalists recognized as using the style include Norman Mailer, Joan Didion, Truman Capote, P. J. O'Rourke, George Plimpton, Terry Southern, and Gay Talese. Hunter S. Thompson was a major practitioner of new journalism and gonzo journalism, his own particular style. Thompson's first book, Hell's Angels: The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs, is a more conventional piece, and shows the beginnings of a more memoir-based approach to reportage. Gay Talese's 1966 article for Esquire, Frank Sinatra Has a Cold, was an influential piece of new journalism that gave a detailed portrait of Frank Sinatra without ever interviewing him. New journalism writers brought new approaches to areas already covered by the mainstream press. The psychedelic movement was something that many of the writers of the period covered, such as in Tom Wolfe's The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. The Vietnam War was another common topic, as was the political turmoil on the homefront. Terry Southern's Grooving in Chi documented the 1968 Chicago National Democratic Convention for Esquire in new journalism manner. New journalism's techniques were also applied to less obvious subjects, such as financial markets (by George Goodman under the pseudonym Adam Smith, in essays originally published in New York magazine and later collected in a book called The Money Game.) Some authors of conventional fiction switched to writing in the style of new journalism, such as Truman Capote's In Cold Blood, and Norman Mailer's Armies of the Night. However, neither author ever agreed to their style's comparison to Wolfe's school of narration, nor did many others who have been retrospectively promoted as being members and therein associated. Much to the contrary, many of these writers would deny that their work was generically relevant to other new journalists at the time.

HISTORY OF INDIAN JOURNALISM 1780 The first newspaper in India was published by James Hicky in January 1780. It was called the Bengal Gazette and announced itself as “a weekly political and commercial paper open to all parties but influenced by none”. Bengal Gazette was a two-sheet paper measuring 12 inches by 8 inches, most of the space being occupied by advertisements. Its circulation reached a maximum of 200 copies. Within six years of Bengal Gazette, four more weeklies were launched in Kolkata (then Calcutta). 1782 Madras Courier was launched in 1782. 1791 Bombay Herald was launched in 1791. 1792Bombay Courier was launched in 1792. It published advertisements in English andGujarati. 1799In 1799, the East India administration passed regulations to increase its control over the press. 1816The first newspaper under Indian administration appeared in 1816. It was also calledBengal Gazette and was published by Gangadhar Bhattacharjee. It was a liberal paper which advocated the reforms of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.Raja Ram Mohan Roy himself brought out a magazine in Persian called Mirat-ul-Ukhbar.He also published The Brahmanical Magazine, an English periodical to counteract thereligious propaganda of the Christian missionaries of Serampore. 1822In 1822, the Chandrika Samachar was started in Bengal.At the same time, Bombay Samachar was started by Ferdunji Marzban. It gaveimportance to social reform and commercial news in Gujarati. 1826The first Hindi newspaper Oodunt Martand was published in 1826 from Bengal.However, it could not survive long because of its distant readership and high postal rates.Its place was soon taken by Jami Jahan Numa, a newspaper that was pro-establishment. 1832In 1832, Bal Shastri Jambhekar launched at Anglo-Marathi newspaper from Pune FAMOUS NEWS PAPERS DURING INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE Newspaper/Journal = Founder/Editor 1. Bengal Gazette(1780) (India’s first newspaper) = J.K.Hikki2. Kesari = B.G.Tilak 3. Maharatta = B.G.Tilak 4. Sudharak = G.K.Gokhale5. Amrita Bazar Patrika = Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh6. Vande Mataram = Aurobindo Ghosh7. Native Opinion = V.N.Mandalik 8. Kavivachan Sudha = Bhartendu Harishchandra9. Rast Goftar (First newspaper in Gujarati) = Dadabhai Naoroji10. New India (Weekly) = Bipin Chandra Pal11. Statesman = Robert Knight12. Hindu = Vir Raghavacharya and G.S.Aiyar 13. Sandhya = B.B.Upadhyaya14. Vichar Lahiri = Krishnashastri Chiplunkar 15. Hindu Patriot = Girish Chandra Ghosh (later Harish Chandra Mukherji)16. Som Prakash = Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 17. Yugantar = Bhupendranath Datta and Barinder Kumar Ghosh18. Bombay Chronicle = Firoze Shah Mehta19. Hindustan = M.M.Malviya20. Mooknayak = B.R.Ambedkar 21. Comrade = Mohammed Ali22. Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq = Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan23. Al-Hilal = Abdul Kalam Azad24. Al-Balagh = Abdul Kalam Azad25. Independent = Motilal Nehru26. Punjabi = Lala Lajpat Rai27. New India (Daily) = Annie Besant28. Commonweal = Annie Besant29. Pratap = Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi30. Essays in Indian Economics = M.G.Ranade31. Samvad Kaumudi (Bengali) = Ram Mohan Roy32. Mirat-ul-Akhbar = Ram Mohan Roy (first Persian newspaper)33. Indian Mirror = Devendra Nath Tagore34. Nav Jeevan = M.K.Gandhi35. Young India = M.K.Gandhi36. Harijan = M.K.Gandhi37. Prabudha Bharat = Swami Vivekananda38. Udbodhana = Swami Vivekananda 39. Indian Socialist = Shyamji Krishna Verma40. Talwar (in Berlin) = Birendra Nath Chattopadhyaya41. Free Hindustan (in Vancouver) = Tarak Nath Das42. Hindustan Times = K.M.Pannikar 43. Kranti = Mirajkar, Joglekar, Ghate VICEROYS OF INDIA  While the British ruled India, the head of the British administration in India was theGovernor General and Viceroy of India. This office was created in 1773, where the officer had direct control only over Fort William, but supervised other British East IndiaCompany officials in India. Complete authority over all of British India was granted in1833 and the official became known as the Governor-General of India. And in 1858, Indiacame under the direct control of the British Crown.The title "Governor General" applied to his relationship to the British Provinces of India(Punjab, Bengal, Bombay, Madras, United Provinces, etc.). But much of British India wasnot ruled directly by the government and the territory was divided into hundreds of nominally sovereign princely states or "native states" whose relationship was not with theBritish government, but directly with the monarch.To reflect the Governor General`s role as representative from the monarch to the feudalrulers of the princely states, the term Viceroy of India was applied to him. The titleremained in existence from 1858 till 1947, when India became independent in 1947. Theoffice of Governor General continued to exist until India adopted a republican constitutionin 1950. The offices of the Viceroys, included the following: Lord Dalhousie Lord Dalhousie was appointed Governor General of India in 1848. His eight years of ruleis considered one of the greatest periods of British rule. His policy of Annexation was alethal weapon of conquest that raised the rule of the East India Company to the height of glory. Dalhousie annexed Satara in 1848, Jhansi in 1853 and Nagpur in 1854 on theground of misgovernment. Dalhousie annexed Oudh in 1851 and Berar was taken over from the Nizam in 1853 as he had delayed his tribute to the paramount power, the British.The titular Rajaship of Tanjore was abolished in 1855. On the death of the ex-PeshwaBajirao II- 1853, his adopted son Nana was refused his pension. Dalhousie recognized theheir to the last of the Mughals on his agreeing not to use the imperial title.Dalhousie a fragile man by constitution had an amazing sweep and energy. He laid downthe main Railway lines, telegraph network and brought about many far-reaching changesin the Secretariat and the other wings of administration. He established universities atCalcutta, Madras and Bombay. The Act was passed in 1858`and it became operative soonthereafter.Lord CanningLord Canning was the Governor General of India from 1856 - 1862 and the first Viceroy The most remarkable of women in modern India’s was Indira Gandhi who from her earlyyears was active in the national liberation struggle. During the 1930 movement, sheformed the ‘Vanar Sena’. A children’s brigade to help freedom fighters.She became a member of the Indian National Congress in 1938. Soon after her return toIndia in March 1941, she plunged into political activity.Her public activity entered a new phase with India’s Independence in 1947. She took over the responsibility of running the Prime Minister’s House. The Congress, which had beenher political home ever since her childhood, soon drew her into leading political roles,first as member of the Congress Working Committee in 1955 and later as member of theCentral Parliamentary Board in 1958. In 1959, she was elected President of the Indian National Congress. She oriented Congress thinking and action towards basic issuesconfronting Indian society and enthused the younger generation the task of nation- building.In the eventful years of her leadership as Prime Minister, Indian society underwent profound changes. She was unremitting in her endeavour for the unity and solidarity of the nation. A staunch defender of the secular ideals of the Constitution, she workedtirelessly for the social and economic advancement of the minorities. She had a vision of amodern self-reliant and dynamic economy. She fought boldly and vigorously againstcommunalism, obscurantism, re-vivalism and religious fundamentalism of all types. Sherepeatedly warned the nation that communalism and obscuranatism were the toolsemployed by the forces of destabilization. She laid down her life in defence of the idealson which the unity and integrity of the Republic are founded. The martyrdom of MahatmaGandhi and Indira Gandhi for upholding the unity of India will reverberate across thecenturies.Rarely in history has one single individual come to be identifie do totally with the fortunesof a country. She became the indomitable symbol of India’s self-respect and self-confidence. Death came to her when she was at her peak, when her stature and influencewere acclaimed the world over. Quiz on Social Reform Movements in India  1. Keshab Chandra Sen is one of the renowned leaders of this movement – it was born outof differences of opinion amongst members of another movement. This movement (or rather the organization) was first formed in 1866.Answer: Brahmo Samaj of IndiaBrahmo Samaj of India was created by Mr. Sen because he felt the Brahmo Samaj didn’taddress many an important issue. He held radical views that included inter-caste marriage, Removal of purdah for women etc.2. One of the most famous social reformers, he was born to an orthodox Bengali Brahminfamily in 1774. His first article appeared when he was sixteen, in which he condemnedidol worship by Hindus, as a result of which he was thrown out of his house! To purifyHinduism from various ‘evils’ that he believed had crept into it, he decided to form a newsociety called ‘Brahmo Samaj’. Who was he? Answer: Raja Rammohun RoyThe Brahmo Samaj (One God society) worked towards removing idol worship, castedivisions etc. Roy was most instrumental in the abolition of Sati (or Satti or suttee).Satidaha was the practice of burning Hindu widows on the funeral pyre of their husbands.3. This social reformist joined the Hindu College of Calcutta in 1826 (at the age of 17) asa teacher. He encouraged free thought and inquisitiveness of the part of his pupils. Hisstudents were collectively called ‘Young Bengal’ and they refused to accept various ritesand rituals that were prevalent in India at that time. What is the name of the teacher?Answer: Henry Louis Vivian DerozioDerozio was dismissed from the college for his teachings. He died in 1831 at the age of 22. However his students ensured that the Young Bengal movement carried on in itsmission.4. A very famous Bengali, he was instrumental in the foundation of the Hindu BalikaVidyalaya at Calcutta. This was one of the earliest schools committed towards educationof females. He also campaigned for reformation of the Hindu marriage system. It wasthrough his efforts that the Widow Remarriage Act, 1856 was enacted by the Government.Who was this learned and revered person?Answer: Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar He was assisted by a British official called Drinkwater Bethune in his efforts to developFemale education in India.5. This society was formed in 1864 by K. Sridharalu Naidu. This movement was inspiredto fight the causes of Brahmo Samaj in South India. In 1871, the name of this society waschanged to Brahmo Samaj of South India. What was this society known before that?Answer: Veda Samaj Naidu translated Brahmo Samaj literature into Telugu and Tamil and tried to carry outsocial reforms in South India; however his death in 1874 weakened this reformmovement.6. This movement was based and carried out reforms in Western India. Founded in 1866 by Mahadev Govind Ranade, this movement took inspiration from religious sermons byTukaram and Jnaneswara. This society had distinguished scholars like RamakrishaBhandarkar in its ranks. What was the name of this society?Answer: Prarthana SamajRanade also emphasized the importance of collective action against social evils; to clubvarious societies together, he formed the Indian National Social Conference in 1887. 7. This religious movement was started with an intention to teach people about Hinduismin its pure form. Dayanand Saraswati founded this movement in 1875. The members of this movement were guided by ten principles, one of which was studying of Vedas. Therest were on virtue, morality and humility. This movement sought to remove castedistinctions and social inequality (rampant at that time). What was the name of thisreligious movement?Answer: Arya SamajDayanand was born Mula Shankara in 1824 in a place called Kathiawad. He wrote a lot of  books to spread his message, the most famous of them being ‘Satyarth Prakash’.8. Swami Vivekanand participated in the Parliament of Religions, held in Chicago (U.S.A)in 1893.Answer: trueHe was a great success at this meeting and was able to impress one and all with hisaddress on Hinduism. Vivekanand (1863 – 1902 ) was a student of RamakrishnaParamahansa.9. He was a priest at a temple at Dakshineswar (near Kolkatta). Social reformers likeDayanad Saraswati, Keshab Chandra Sen used to come to him for advice and religiousdiscussions. After his death, one of his pupils Swami Vivekanand founded a missionnamed after him.Answer: Ramakrishna ParamahansaThe Ramakrishna Mission was founded in 1897 and spread the teachings of Ramakrishnathrough out India; it also has many branches in foreign countries.10. To improve the condition of the Moslems in India, this reformist founded many amovement. He was known for his efforts to improve Moslem-British relations. Hisgreatest achievement was the founding of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College atAligarh in 1875.Answer: Syed Ahmed KhanHe was strongly opposed to the Indian National Congress. The Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College later became the Aligarh Universit ROLE

FREEDOM OF THE PRESS

In the 1920s, as modern journalism was just taking form, writer Walter Lippmann and American philosopher John Dewey debated over the role of journalism in a democracy. Their differing philosophies still characterize a debate about the role of journalism in society and the nation-state.

Lippmann understood that journalism's role at the time was to act as a mediator or translator between the public and policy making elites. The journalist became the middleman. When elites spoke, journalists listened and recorded the information, distilled it, and passed it on to the public for their consumption. His reasoning behind this was that the public was not in a position to deconstruct the growing and complex flurry of information present in modern society, and so an intermediary was needed to filter news for the masses. Lippman put it this way: The public is not smart enough to understand complicated, political issues. Furthermore, the public was too consumed with their daily lives to care about complex public policy. Therefore the public needed someone to interpret the decisions or concerns of the elite to make the information plain and simple. Lippmann believed that the public would affect the decision-making of the elite with their vote. In the meantime, the elite (i.e. politicians, policy makers, bureaucrats, scientists, etc.) would keep the business of power running. In Lippman's world, the journalist's role was to inform the public of what the elites were doing. It was also to act as a watchdog over the elites, as the public had the final say with their votes. Effectively that kept the public at the bottom of the power chain, catching the flow of information that is handed down from experts/elites. Lippmann's elitism has had consequences that he came to deplore. An apostle of historicism and scientism, Lippmann did not merely hold that democratic government was a problematic exercise, but regarded all political communities, of whatever stripe, as needing guidance from a transcendent partisanship for accurate information and dispassionate judgment. In "Liberty and the News" (1919) and "Public Opinion" (1921) Lippmann expressed the hope that liberty could be redefined to take account of the scientific and historical perspective and that public opinion could be managed by a system of intelligence in and out of government. Thus the liberty of the journalist was to be dedicated to gathering verifiable facts while commentators like himself would place the news in the broader perspective. Lippmann deplored the influence of powerful newspaper publishers and preferred the judgments of the "patient and fearless men of science." In so doing, he did not merely denigrate the opinion of the majority but also of those who had influence or power as well. In a republican form of government, the representatives are chosen by the people and share with them adherence to the fundamental principles and political institutions of the polity. Lippmann's quarrel was with those very principles and institutions, for they are the product of the pre-scientific and pre-historical viewpoint and what for him was a groundless natural rights political philosophy. But Lippmann turned against what he called the "collectivism" of the Progressive movement he encouraged with its de-emphasis on the foundations of American politics and government and ultimately wrote a work, "The Public Philosophy" (1955), which came very close to a return to the principles of the American founders. Dewey, on the other hand, believed the public was not only capable of understanding the issues created or responded to by the elite, it was in the public forum that decisions should be made after discussion and debate. When issues were thoroughly vetted, then the best ideas would bubble to the surface. Dewey believed journalists should do more than simply pass on information. He believed they should weigh the consequences of the policies being enacted. Over time, his idea has been implemented in various degrees, and is more commonly known as "community journalism". This concept of community journalism is at the centre of new developments in journalism. In this new paradigm, journalists are able to engage citizens and the experts/elites in the proposition and generation of content. It's important to note that while there is an assumption of equality, Dewey still celebrates expertise. Dewey believes the shared knowledge of many is far superior to a single individual's knowledge. Experts and scholars are welcome in Dewey's framework, but there is not the hierarchical structure present in Lippman's understanding of journalism and society. According to Dewey, conversation, debate, and dialogue lie at the heart of a democracy. While Lippman's journalistic philosophy might be more acceptable to government leaders, Dewey's approach is a better description of how many journalists see their role in society, and, in turn, how much of society expects journalists to function. Americans, for example, may criticize some of the excesses committed by journalists, but they tend to expect journalists to serve as watchdogs on government, businesses and actors, enabling people to make informed decisions on the issues of the time.

ELEMENTS

Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel propose several guidelines for journalists in their book The Elements of Journalism.^[9] Because journalism's first loyalty is to the citizenry, journalists are obliged to tell the truth and must serve as an independent monitor of powerful individuals and institutions within society. The essence of journalism is to provide citizens with reliable information through the discipline of verification.

LEGAL STATUS

FREEDOM OF THE PRESS AND MEDIA LAW

Governments have widely varying policies and practices towards journalists, which control what they can research and write, and what press organizations can publish. Some governments guarantee the freedom of the press; while other nations severely restrict what journalists can research and/or publish. Journalists in many nations have some privileges that members of the general public do not; including better access to public events, crime scenes and press conferences, and to extended interviews with public officials, celebrities and others in the public eye. Journalists who elect to cover conflicts, whether wars between nations or insurgencies within nations, often give up any expectation of protection by government, if not giving up their rights to protection by government. Journalists who are captured or detained during a conflict are expected to be treated as civilians and to be released to their national government. Many governments around the world target journalists for intimidation, harassment, and violence because of the nature of their work.^[21]

RIGHT TO PROTECT CONFIDENTIALITY OF SOURCES

PROTECTION OF SOURCES

Journalists' interaction with sources sometimes involves confidentiality, an extension of freedom of the press giving journalists a legal protection to keep the identity of a confidential informant private even when demanded by police or prosecutors; withholding sources can land journalists in contempt of court, or in jail. In the United States, there is no right to protect sources in a federal court. However, federal courts will refuse to force journalists to reveal sources, unless the information the court seeks is highly relevant to the case and there's no other way to get it. State courts provide varying degrees of such protection. Journalists who refuse to testify even when ordered to can be found in contempt of court and fined or jailed.

• JOURNALISM

Journalism is the activity or product of journalists or others engaged in the preparation of written, visual, or audio material intended for dissemination through public media with reference to factual, ongoing events of public concern. It is intended to inform society about itself and to make public, things that would otherwise be private.^[1] Journalism is directed at the consumers of media products, who may comprise nonspecific general audiences, or narrower market segments. In modern society, news media have become the chief purveyor of information and opinion about public affairs; but the role and status of journalism, along with other forms of mass media, are undergoing changes resulting from the Internet.^[2] This has resulted in a shift toward reading on e-readers, smartphones, and other electronic devices rather than print media and has faced news organizations with the ongoing problem of monetizing on digital news.

PROFESSIONAL AND ETHICAL STANDARDS

JOURNALISM ETHICS AND STANDARDS

While various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of — truthfulness, accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness and public accountability — as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public.^{[10][11][12][13]} Some journalistic Codes of Ethics, notably the European ones,^[14] also include a concern with discriminatory references in news based on race, religion, sexual orientation, and physical or mental disabilities.^{[15][16][17][18]} The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe approved in 1993 Resolution 1003 on the Ethics of Journalism which recommends journalists to respect the presumption of innocence, in particular in cases that are still sub judice.^[19] In the UK, all newspapers are bound by the Code of Practice of the Commission. This includes points like respecting people's privacy and ensuring accuracy. However, the Media Standards Trust has criticised the PCC, claiming it needs to be radically changed to secure public trust of newspapers. This is in stark contrast to the media climate prior to the 20th century, where the media market was dominated by smaller newspapers and pamphleteers who usually had an overt and often radical agenda, with no presumption of balance or objectivity. Objective journalism is the desire and aim of every society and media house. However, such noble aspiration is beclouded and usurped by sycophancy and sycophantic reporting. This development denies the public the right to true information and invariably leads to loss of reputation by the media house. A research study by Nnamdi Azikiwe University discusses the reason for its unbridled spread and its effects on the public.^[20]

FAILING TO UPHOLD STANDARDS

Such a code of conduct can, in the real world, be difficult to uphold consistently. Journalists who believe they are being fair or objective may give biased accounts—by reporting selectively, trusting too much to anecdote, or giving a partial explanation of actions. Even in routine reporting, bias can creep into a story through a reporter's choice of facts to summarize, or through failure to check enough sources, hear and report dissenting voices, or seek fresh perspectives.^{[citation needed]} A news organization's budget inevitably reflects decision-making about what news to cover, for what audience, and in what depth. Those decisions may reflect conscious or unconscious bias. When budgets are cut, editors may sacrifice reporters in distant news bureaus, reduce the number of staff assigned to low-income areas, or wipe entire communities from the publication's zone of interest.^{[citation needed]} Publishers, owners and other corporate executives, especially advertising sales executives, can try to use their powers over journalists to influence how news is reported and published. Journalists usually rely on top management to create and maintain a "firewall" between the news and other departments in a news organization to prevent undue influence on the news department.^{[citation needed]} One journalism magazine, Columbia Journal Review , has made it a practice to reveal examples of executives who try to influence news coverage, of executives who do not abuse their powers over journalists, and of journalists who resist such pressures.^{[citation needed]}

DEFINITION AND FORMS

JOURNALISM GENRES

There are several different forms of journalism, all with different intended audiences. In modern society, "prestige" journalism is said to serve the role of a "fourth estate," acting as watchdogs on the workings of government. Other forms of journalism feature different formats and cater to different intended audiences.^[3]

Some forms include:

·         Advocacy journalism – writing to advocate particular viewpoints or influence the opinions of the audience.

·         Broadcast journalism – writing or speaking which is intended to be distributed by radio or television broadcasting, rather than only in written form for readers.

·         Drone journalism – use of drones to capture journalistic footage.^[4]

·         Gonzo journalism – first championed by journalist Hunter S. Thompson, gonzo journalism is a "highly personal style of reporting".^[5]

·         Investigative journalism – writing which seeks to add extra information to explain, or better describe the people and events of a particular topic.

·         Tabloid journalism – writing which uses opinionated or wild claims.

·         Yellow journalism (or sensationalism) – writing which emphasizes exaggerated claims or rumors.

The recent rise of social media has resulted in arguments to reconsider journalism as an process rather than as a particular kind of news product. In this perspective, journalism is participatory, a process distributed among multiple authors and involving journalists as well as the socially mediating public.^[6]

RIGHT TO PROTECT CONFIDENTIALITY OF SOURCES

PROTECTION OF SOURCES

Journalists' interaction with sources sometimes involves confidentiality, an extension of freedom of the press giving journalists a legal protection to keep the identity of a confidential informant private even when demanded by police or prosecutors; withholding sources can land journalists in contempt of court, or in jail. In the United States, there is no right to protect sources in a federal court. However, federal courts will refuse to force journalists to reveal sources, unless the information the court seeks is highly relevant to the case and there's no other way to get it. State courts provide varying degrees of such protection. Journalists who refuse to testify even when ordered to can be found in contempt of court and fined or jailed.

JOURNALISM

Everything we do as Reuters journalists has to be independent, free from bias and executed with the utmost integrity. These are our core values and stem from the Reuters Trust Principles. As a real-time, competitive news service whose reputation rests on reliability, we also value accuracy, speed and exclusivity. The way in which we, as Reuters employees, live these values is governed by the Reuters Code of Conduct. That code, with a few notable exceptions that apply specifically to journalists, governs the behavior of all Reuters employees and is essential reading. As journalists, however, we have additional responsibilities if we are to fulfill the highest aspirations of our profession - to search for and report the truth, fairly, honestly and unfailingly. This handbook is not intended as a collection of "rules". Beyond the obvious, such as the cardinal sin of plagiarism, the dishonesty of fabrication or the immorality of bribe-taking, journalism is a profession that has to be governed by ethical guiding principles rather than by rigid rules. The former liberate, and lead to better journalism. The latter constrain, and restrict our ability to operate. What follows is an attempt to map out those principles, as  guidance to taking decisions and adopting behaviors that are in the best interests of Reuters, our shareholders, our customers, our contacts, our readers and our profession. The handbook, now in its second online edition and fully revised, is the work of no one individual. Dozens of journalists from text, television, pictures and from domestic as well as international services, have worked to bring it up to date. It builds on the work of colleagues, too many to number over the past 150 years, whose commitment to the most ethical standards of our profession has made Reuters the outstanding news organization it is today. April 2008 This page was last modified 22:54, 24 November 2009.

STANDARDS AND VALUES

What Makes a Reuters Journalist?

There are many different types of journalism practiced in Reuters, across text, television, picture services and online. No one definition of our craft applies to them all. What must unite us is honesty and integrity. We often face difficult choices in the pursuit of better stories and superior images. In such situations there are several "right" answers and the rules we use run out. We can, however, guard against damage to our reputation through a shared understanding of the fundamental principles that govern our work. The 10 Absolutes of Reuters Journalism

• Always hold accuracy sacrosanct

• Always correct an error openly

• Always strive for balance and freedom from bias

• Always reveal a conflict of interest to a manager

• Always respect privileged information

• Always protect their sources from the authorities

• Always guard against putting their opinion in a news story

• Never fabricate or plagiaries

• Never alter a still or moving image beyond the requirements of normal image enhancement

• Never pay for a story and never accept a bribe This page was last modified 15:30, 14 February 2012.

ACCURACY

Accuracy is at the heart of what we do. It is our job to get it first but it is above all our job to get it right. Accuracy, as well as balance, always takes precedence over speed.

CORRECTIONS

Reuters is transparent about errors. We rectify them promptly and clearly, whether in a story, a caption, a graphic or a script. We do not disguise or bury corrections in subsequent leads or stories. Our Corrections Policy is outlined in this Handbook.

SOURCING

Accuracy entails honesty in sourcing. Our reputation for that accuracy, and for freedom from bias, rests on the credibility of our sources. A Reuters journalist or camera is always the best source on a witnessed event. A named source is always preferable to an unnamed source. We should never deliberately mislead in our sourcing, quote a source saying one thing on the record and something contradictory on background, or cite sources in the plural when we have only one. Anonymous sources are the weakest sources. All journalists should be familiar with the detailed guidance in The Essentials of Reuters sourcing. Here are some handy tips:• Use named sources wherever possible because they are responsible for the information they provide, even though we remain liable for accuracy, balance and legal dangers. Press your sources to go on the record. • Reuters will use unnamed sources where necessary when they provide information of market or public interest that is not available on the record. We alone are responsible for the accuracy of such information. • When talking to sources, always make sure the ground rules are clear. Take notes and record interviews. • Cross-check information wherever possible. Two or more sources are better than one. In assessing information from unnamed sources, weigh the source's track record, position and motive. Use your common sense. If it sounds wrong, check further. • Talk to sources on all sides of a deal, dispute, negotiation or conflict. • Be honest in sourcing and in obtaining information. Give as much context and detail as you can about sources, whether named or anonymous, to authenticate information they provide. Be explicit about what you don't know. • Reuters will publish news from a single, anonymous source in exceptional cases, when it is credible information from a trusted source with direct knowledge of the situation. Single-source stories are subject to a special authorization procedure. • A source's compact is with Reuters, not with the reporter. If asked on legitimate editorial grounds, you are expected to disclose your source to your supervisor. Protecting the confidentiality of sources, by both the reporter and supervisor, is paramount. • When doing initiative reporting, try to disprove as well as prove your story. • Accuracy always comes first. It's better to be late than wrong. Before pushing the button, think how you would withstand a challenge or a denial.• Know your sources well. Consider carefully if the person you are communicating with is an imposter. Sources can provide information by whatever means available - telephone, in person, email, instant messaging, text message. But be aware that any communication can be interfered with. • Reuters will stand by a reporter who has followed the sourcing guidelines and the proper approval procedures.

QUOTES

Quotes are sacrosanct. They must never be altered other than to delete a redundant word or clause, and then only if the deletion does not alter the sense of the quote in any way. Selective use of quotes can be unbalanced. Be sure that quotes you use are representative of what the speaker is saying and that you describe body language (a smile or a wink) that may affect the sense of what is being reported. When quoting an individual always give the context or circumstances of the quote. It is not our job to make people look good by cleaning up inelegant turns of phrase, nor is it our job to expose them to ridicule by running such quotes. In most cases, this dilemma can be resolved by paraphrase and reported speech. Where it cannot, reporters should consult a more senior journalist to discuss whether the quote can be run verbatim. Correcting a grammatical error in a quote may be valid, but rewording an entire phrase is not. When translating quotes from one language into another, we should do so in an idiomatic way rather than with pedantic literalness. Care must be taken to ensure that the tone of the translation is equivalent to the tone of the original. Beware of translating quotes in newspaper pickups back into the original language of the source. If a French politician gives an interview to an American newspaper, it is almost certain that the translation back into French will be wrong and in some cases the quote could be very different. In such cases, the fewer quotes and the more reported speech, the better.

REFLECTING REALITY

Accuracy means that our images and stories must reflect reality. It can be tempting for journalists to "hype" or sensationalize material, skewing the reality of the situation or misleading the reader or viewer into assumptions and impressions that are wrong and potentially harmful. A "flood" of immigrants, for example, may in reality be a relatively small number of people just as a "surge" in a stock price may be a quite modest rise. Stopping to think, and to discuss, how we use words leads to more precise journalism and also minimizes the potential for harm. Similarly, no actions in visual journalism should be taken that add to or detract from the reality of images. In some circumstances, this may constitute fabrication and can cause serious damage to our reputation. Such actions may lead to disciplinary measures, including dismissal.

DATELINES AND BYLINES

Accuracy is paramount in our use of datelines and bylines. Readers assume that the byline shows the writer was at the dateline. We should byline stories only from datelines where the writer (or the reporter being written up on a desk) was present. We may only use datelines where we have staff or freelancers on the spot from text, photos or TV and we are getting information from them on the ground. Reporters or freelancers who have contributed to a report should be included in an additional reporting line at the end of the story, giving their name and location.

ATTRIBUTION

Accuracy means proper attribution to the source of material that is not ours, whether in a story, a photograph or moving images. Our customers and the public rely on us to be honest about where material has originated. It allows them to assess the reliability. It is insufficient simply to label video or a photograph as "handout". We should clearly identify the source - for example "Greenpeace Video" or "U.S. Army Photo". Similarly, it is essential for transparency that material we did not gather ourselves is clearly attributed in stories to the source, including when that source is a rival organization. Failure to do so may open us to charges of plagiarism.

REPORTING RUMOURS

Reuters aims to report the facts, not rumours. Clients rely on us to differentiate between fact and rumour and our reputation rests partly on that. There are times when rumours affect financial markets and we have a duty to tell readers why a market is moving and to try to track down the rumour - to verify it or knock it down. There may be exceptional circumstances when a market is moving so rapidly and so violently that we move a story before being able to verify or knock down the rumour. Full guidance on how to handle rumours is in The Essentials of Reuters sourcing.

GRAPHIC IMAGES AND OBSCENITIES

In the course of our work, we witness and record scenes of a violent or sexually graphic nature. As journalists, we have an obligation to convey the reality of what we report accurately, yet a duty to be aware that such material can cause distress, damage the dignity of the individuals concerned or even in some cases so overpower the viewer or reader that a rational understanding of the facts is impaired. We do not sanitise violence, bowdlerise speech or euphemize sex. We should not, however, publish graphic images and details or obscene language gratuitously or with an intention to titillate or to shock. There must be a valid news reason for running such material and it will usually require a decision by a senior editor. In all cases, we need to consider whether the material is necessary to an understanding of the reality portrayed or described. We should also be mindful that our customers in different markets often have different thresholds and needs. Graphic material which we might send to our wholesale broadcast clients may not be suitable for use online in our consumer business, just as a sexually explicit photograph may be more acceptable in one part of the world than another. Further guidance on dealing with graphic images can be found in the Photos and Video sections of this Handbook. Writers should consult the Style Guide entry on obscenities for guidance on how to handle offensive language. Stories thatN contain such language must be sent ATTENTION EDITOR. Category: Standards and Values

FREEDOM FROM BIAS

Reuters would not be Reuters without freedom from bias. We are a "stateless" news service that welcomes diversity into our newsrooms but asks all staff to park their nationality and politics at the door. This neutrality is a hallmark of our news brand and allows us to work on all sides of an issue, conflict or dispute without any agenda other than accurate, fair reporting. Our customers and our sources value Reuters for that quality and it is one we all must work to preserve.

TAKE NO SIDE, TELL ALL SIDES

As Reuters journalists, we never identify with any side in an issue, a conflict or a dispute. Our text and visual stories need to reflect all sides, not just one. This leads to better journalism because it requires us to stop at each stage of newsgathering and ask ourselves "What do I know?" and "What do I need to know?" In reporting a takeover bid, for example, it should be obvious that the target company must be given an opportunity to state their position. Similarly in a political dispute or military conflict, there are always at least two sides to consider and we risk being perceived as biased if we fail to give adequate space to the various parties. This objectivity does not always come down to giving equal space to all sides. The perpetrator of an atrocity or the leader of a fringe political group arguably warrants less space than the victims or mainstream political parties. We must, however, always strive to be scrupulously fair and balanced. Allegations should not be portrayed as fact; charges should not be conveyed as a sign of guilt. We have a duty of fairness to give the subjects of such stories the opportunity to put their side. We must also be on guard against bias in our choice of words. Words like "claimed" or "according to" can suggest we doubt what is being said. Words like "fears" or "hopes" might suggest we are taking sides. Verbs like rebut or refute (which means to disprove) or like fail (as in failed to comment) can imply an editorial judgment and are best avoided. Thinking about language can only improve our writing and our journalism.

OPINION AND ANALYSIS

Reuters makes a fundamental distinction between our factual news stories and clearly-labelled opinion pieces. Reuters journalists do not express their opinions in news stories, voiced video or scripts, or on blogs or chat rooms they may contribute to in the course of their work. This fundamental principle has generated huge trust in Reuters among customers and the public over many years. It holds true for all the types of news that Reuters covers, whether financial or general and in any language or form. This is not to say that other people's opinions have no place in our stories. They are very often relevant to the story and are essential for the reader or viewer to understand its meaning and consequences. For that to hold true, quoted opinion must be authoritative and be attributed to a named source. We risk biased reporting if we allow an unnamed source to say, for example, "I believe Company X is on the path to strong revenue growth and see its stock rising by 20 per cent over the next six months." We have no protection in such a case against the charge that we are working in the interests of unnamed sources to talk up a stock that their firms may have a substantial interest in. We do enjoy that protection if we write: "I believe Company X is on the path to strong revenue growth and see its stock rising by 20 per cent over next six months," said Joe Mo, a senior equities analyst at Manchuk Fund Manager which holds 7.3 per cent of the company's share capital. In our columns and in certain other distinct services we may create, we do allow named authors to express a point of view. We will always clearly label these pieces as being distinct from the factual news file and we will publish disclaimers that say the work does not represent the opinions of Reuters. Those journalists who are allowed to publish "point of view" pieces like columns will express solidly-grounded views in their areas of expertise and will not simply provoke with ungrounded assertions or personal attacks . For more on columnists see the section Columns. It is the responsibility of senior editors to ensure that we publish a variety of views by aggregating the work of others, by commissioning guest contributions, by encouraging engagement by our audiences in different forms and by reflecting the multiplicity of human perspectives across a varied and diverse news file. Analysis is a valued part of our news file and should not be confused with items like Columns. Whether in spot copy or as a stand-alone item tagged ANALYSIS, we provide valued insight into events or issues and cast light on them from a new angle without compromising our standards of impartiality or commitment to fairness. The writer's professional judgment has a large part to play in good analysis though we must take care not to stray into the realm of opinion. Good analysis is supported by the established facts or available data and rests on the use of named sources and the writer's expertise. Analysis need not reflect the consensus view; indeed some of the best analysis may challenge that view. A story that takes the ANALYSIS tag may also be appropriate for an informative, indepth look at an issue of interest to a specialist readership, without necessarily needing a spot hook for the story.

DISCRIMINATORY LANGUAGE AND STEREOTYPES

We must avoid inappropriate references to gender, ethnicity, religion, culture, appearance, age, and sexual orientation. When a story relies on such references, we should ask if it is a Reuters story at all. A Reuters journalist must be sensitive to unconscious stereotyping and dated assumptions. Is it really novel that the person in the news is black, blonde, female, overweight or gay? If it is relevant, does the fact belong in the lead or should it be woven in lower down? Our language should be neutral and natural. When referring to professional groups, plural expressions such as executives and journalists are preferable to gender-specific tags that imply the exclusion of women. We should avoid artificial words such as "spokesperson" when describing a role. We should avoid gratuitous references to appearance or attire, while recognizing the situations when these details are relevant. Reporters must resist the assumption that their cultural values, religious beliefs or social mores are the norm. We should also be suspicious of country stereotypes - the usually negative notions about a national character. These can be offensive. References to country stereotypes may be valid in certain well-balanced stories, but we should always proceed with caution, even when seeking to challenge or subvert a preconception. Fuller guidance can be found in the section of this Handbook Reporting about people.

INVESTMENT ADVICE

You must not express a personal view in reports on the merits of a particular investment. Reports containing value judgments on investments must be sourced to a named third party. Local laws also impact on our reporting. Reuters reports news. It does not give investment advice and in many countries is prohibited from doing so by law. Reuters journalists should also not give investment advice to customers and/or readers who solicit such advice by any means including

telephone, letter, fax or e-mail.

REPORTING ON REUTERS

You must take extreme care to avoid any hint of bias when reporting on the Reuters Group, ensuring that reports are factually based. We need some special company's shares up or down. A Reuters story about Reuters is perceived by stoc  markets and market regulators as the official line on the company. When reporting on Reuters subsidiaries or quoting officials and analysts from Reuters subsidiaries it must be stated that these are Reuters companies. Here is how to report on Reuters or a majority-owned subsidiary: • As a rule, we do not produce initiative reporting of Reuters. • Any story about Reuters must be marked ATTENTION EDITOR and seen by a regional specialist editor or deputy before transmission. • Always seek comment from a company spokesman. One should always be available in London or New York. • No story about Reuters may contain a quote from an unnamed source. • Any pick-up of a story about Reuters from other media must be marked ATTENTION EDITOR and seen by a regional specialist editor or deputy before transmission. Always seek comment from a company spokesman. • As with all other pick-ups, we should pick up only stories which are likely to be market-moving or of significant general interest.

POLITICAL AND COMMUNITY ACTIVITY

Reuters does not give support - directly or indirectly - to any political party or group nor does it take sides in national or international conflicts or disputes in accordance with our Code of Conduct. In keeping with this policy you must not identify the Reuters name with any political party or group or any one side in such conflicts or disputes. Displays of political affiliation or support for partisan causes have no place in our newsrooms. No member of editorial, whether a journalist or support worker, may wear campaign buttons, badges or items of clothing bearing political slogans on the job, nor bring posters, pamphlets and other political material to the workplace to distribute or display. Outside work, Reuters respects the right (and in some countries the obligation) of staff to vote in elections and referendums and does not seek to interfere with that right. The company also recognizes that staff enjoy certain fundamental freedoms as a result of their nationality or where they live. Reuters, however, expects journalistic staff in all branches of editorial to be keenly sensitive to the risk that their activities outside work may open their impartiality to questioning or create a perception of bias. Such perceptions can undermine the integrity not only of the individual but of all journalists at Reuters and damage the company's reputation. In some societies, individuals who sign petitions or join demonstrations may be monitored by the authorities and evidence could be used to damage their reputation or restrict our newsgathering operations. In other countries, individuals who contribute to political campaign funds have their names on the public record. Again, such evidence may be used by those who would seek to undermine the good name of Reuters, its staff or our profession. A policy designed to protect our standing as a news service free from bias cannot be policed. It relies on trust and an expectation that staff will refrain from activities that might, whatever the intention, raise perceptions of a conflict and that they will consult their manager in any case of doubt. Where such perceptions of a conflict do arise, Reuters may in some cases ultimately require the journalist to move to other duties. Individuals should use their common sense, The Trust Principles and the values of unbiased journalism in deciding whether to donate to certain charitable causes or be active in the affairs of their community. A conflict is unlikely to arise but staff in any doubt should consult their manager. The same principles apply to any doubts about a possible perception of conflict that may arise from the activities of a close family member.

EQUAL OPPORTUNITY IN THE NEWSROOM

Reuters is committed to treating its employees fairly, regardless of gender, ethnic, national or religious background, age, disability, marital status, parental status or sexual orientation. Qualified employees will be given consideration for all job openings regardless of any of the above. The selection of employees included for entry to the company, for training, development and promotion should be determined solely on their skills, abilities and other requirements which are relevant to the job and in accordance with the laws in the country concerned.

DIVERSITY IN THE NEWSROOM

Reuters recognizes, values and encourages a diverse employment mix. In addition to gender and ethnic origin, the company considers a wide range of backgrounds in terms of experience and knowledge as part of its recruitment and employee development policies. While politics has no place in our newsrooms, diversity does. We welcome the varying perspectives, insights and considerations that diversity of gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, upbringing, age, marital or parental status, customs and culture bring to the debate about the news we gather. Diversity enriches what we do and there is a place for everyone in the discussion and the exchange of ideas that lead to the best journalism.

MEDIA INTERVIEWS AND SPEAKING ENGAGEMENTS

Reuters staff are sometimes asked by broadcasters or print publications to give interviews, often through our media relations unit. We encourage such exposure for our journalists and their expertise. If journalists are willing to be interviewed, they should adhere to the following principles: • Any interviews have to be approved in advance by the journalist's manager. • Interviews with Reuters own services, e.g. RVN, take precedence. • The request must come from a credible broadcaster or publication that is unlikely to use the interview for propaganda purposes. • Correspondents must not give personal opinions and should confine themselves largely to what has been reported by Reuters. • Correspondents should say nothing that could provoke controversy, embarrass Reuters, undermine our reputation for objectivity and impartiality, impair our reporting access or jeopardise staff. • We must be satisfied that the correspondent is an experienced member of staff upon whom we can rely to act with responsibility and discretion. • We only allow brief interviews that impinge little on correspondents' time and do not disrupt their reporting. • Payment should not be sought. If received, we recommend that it be paid to your charity of choice. Reuters editorial staff with specialist knowledge may also speak at seminars, conferences and other forums about the areas of their expertise with the approval of their manager. Similar conditions apply as with those for media interviews. Staff must ensure that the credentials of the organizers are such that attending the event as a speaker does not affect Reuters reputation for integrity, independence and freedom from bias. Editorial staff need authorization from a senior manager to discuss our editorial or corporate affairs publicly or with other media. If another media organization asks about our policies (whether editorial or corporate), about staff matters or about stories or images that may be controversial, employees must refer the matter to a manager, who should take details and refer the enquirer to an official company spokesman. Category: Standards and Values This page was last modified 10:50, 21 September 2009.

INDEPENDENCE

Independence is the essence of our reputation as a "stateless" global news organization and fundamental to the trust that allows us to report impartially from all sides of a conflict or dispute. It is crucial to our ability to report on companies, institutions and individuals in the financial markets, many of whom are also our customers, without regard for anything other than accuracy, balance and the truth. Our independence stems not only from the structure of Reuters but also from our duty as journalists to avoid conflicts of interest or situations that could give rise to a perception of a conflict. What follows is not an exhaustive list of conflicts that might arise. If you think that there is a potential for conflict in any of your activities you should raise this with your manager.

PERSONAL INVESTMENTS

You must not allow any investments held by you or your immediate family to influence you in your work for Reuters. Except under any arrangements made for employees by Reuters, you must not use any of Reuters transaction or communications facilities for your own - or any other individual's – personal investment purposes. This does not apply to use of a Reuters product which is directed to the consumer market.

DECLARING FINANCIAL INTERESTS

Whether you are reporting news, financial information or other subjects you should ensure that no circumstances exist which could give rise to a suspicion of bias on the part of Reuters. The section in the Reuters Code of Conduct that deals with personal investments reflects the standard acceptable at the time the Code was written. The changing industry and regulatory environments make it clear that we need to hold ourselves to a higher standard in order to protect and grow the reputation of Reuters for accurate, unbiased journalism. That standard applies to all journalists in editorial and supplements the Code, which should be read in conjunction with it. The standard is detailed in the section of this Handbook Personal investments by Reuters journalists. Failure to adhere to the standard will be subject to the disciplinary procedures in force in the location

where any infraction occurs.

WORK OUTSIDE REUTERS

You may not engage in paid work outside Reuters unless your manager has given you permission in advance. This would include, for example, writing a book or articles, addressing a conference or commercial or news photography. Permission will be routinely granted if the activities do not affect Reuters. (Guild members in the United States are not required to seek permission to take a second job unless it could be considered in competition with Reuters).

CHECKING BACK WITH SOURCES

Reuters never submits stories, scripts or images to sources to vet before publication. This breaches our independence. We may, of our own volition, check back with a source to verify a quote or to satisfy ourselves about the reliability of factual information but we also need to ensure that in doing so we do not give sources an opportunity to retract or materially alter a quote or information to their advantage. Interview subjects or their organisations or companies sometimes ask to see the quotes we plan to publish or broadcast before they are issued. We should resist such requests where possible. If we do have to submit quotes for approval, we should not agree to a quote being materially changed. It is often effective to give

the source a tight deadline for approval.

GIFTS AND ENTERTAINMENT

The Reuters Reuters Code of Conduct reminds journalists that they must not accept any payment, gift, service or benefit (whether in cash or in kind) offered by a news source or contact. In some societies it is traditional to offer or receive gifts on special occasions, such as secular or religious holidays. To refuse such a gift may cause offence and in weighing what to do, a journalist must be mindful of a society's culture and traditions. A good test of whether to accept the gift or politely decline is the value of the item. A traditional gift of purely nominal value may be appropriate to accept. A gift of more than nominal value should be declined, using an explanation of our policies. If a gift of some value proves impossible to decline, it should be surrendered to the journalist's manager for donation to a suitable charity. If you cannot decide whether the gift is of greater than nominal value, assume that it is. Staff in any doubt about how to behave should discuss the appropriate action with their manager. In the course of gathering news, journalists are often invited to breakfasts, luncheons or dinners. As long as such occasions are newsworthy, it may be appropriate to accept the hospitality provided it is within reason. We do not accept "junkets" - events that have little if any value to our newsgathering such as an invitation to a free holiday, an evening's entertainment or a sporting event at the expense of a news source. Accepting such hospitality when there is no news value might well be seen to create an unreasonable obligation to the source. Reuters has a company-wide policy on bribery, corruption, gifts and entertainment which also applies to journalists and is accessible via the corporate Reuters Policy Gateway.

TRAVEL AND ACCOMMODATION

News sources, often companies, will sometimes offer journalists free transport or accommodation to get to cover a story. Our standard position is that we pay our own way and make our own travel arrangements. If that is impractical or will restrict access to sources, you must consult your manager about the offer. Permission will normally be given only if the story warrants coverage and to insist on paying would be impractical. In this case, a donation equivalent to the costs Reuters would have incurred should be made to a suitable charity and the donation logged. In exceptional circumstances, it may be impossible to get to the news without accepting free travel or accommodation. Such cases might include flying to a remote location to cover a famine story with an aid organization, taking a military flight to a war zone or interviewing a company CEO on a private jet. Again, journalists must obtain permission from their manager to proceed. The manager needs to weigh such factors as access, newsworthiness and the potential for a conflict (what if there is no story out of the trip?) and may need to escalate.

BRIBES AND OTHER INDUCEMENTS

Under no circumstances should we take or offer payment (whether in cash or in kind) for a news story. Such action is a grave breach of our ethics, undermines our independence and can lead to disciplinary action including dismissal. Journalists also need to weigh how they entertain sources. We clearly need to take sources out for a meal or out for a drink in pursuit of the news and encourage our journalists to do so. Such entertainment, however, should not go beyond the bounds of normal, basic hospitality and needs to be in line with the Reuters policy on bribery, corruption, gifts and entertainment. Reuters does not use gifts of value, in cash or in kind, to influence sources. In most countries, government officials (and officers of state-owned enterprises) are also restricted in the benefits they can accept for performing their duties, including non-cash benefits. Making an improper offer can also subject Reuters and its employees to fines or imprisonment. Journalists must inform themselves of the relevant restrictions before offering a gift of even nominal worth and seek approval from their manager. Limited potential exceptions exist to the Reuters policy prohibiting the offering or making of payments or inducements, including to government officials. These exceptions will apply only in very narrow circumstances, such as risk to life and limb or facilitating payments made simply to speed up a legal or administrative process. Such payments should generally be small and must be accurately identified in expense reports and other records. Journalists should seek approval from their manager, who should escalate as necessary and report any approved payments to the Reuters Area General Counsel, unless circumstances require an on-the-spot decision, in which case the journalist should act within the spirit of these guidelines.

INDEPENDENCE WITHIN REUTERS

The Reuters Trust Principles and the Board of Trustees exist to guarantee the independence of Reuters and also the editorial independence of journalists within Reuters. We do not write stories, take photographs or film events to help clinch a sales contract or alter our coverage of a company, government or institution to suit Reuters commercial interests. The company does not expect this of its editorial staff. It expects us to apply sound news judgment and to produce stories and images that are accurate, fair and balanced. If a colleague from outside editorial raises an issue with a story or image and makes a reasoned argument that it is unbalanced or incorrect, then we have a clear duty to examine the complaint.

ENTERING COMPETITIONS AND RECEIVING AWARDS

Reuters encourages its employees to submit outstanding work, whether text, visual or graphics, for awards for excellence in journalism from reputable, disinterested sources. Care must be taken to ensure that such action does not come into conflict with the Trust Principles or departmental guidelines. Employees may submit journalistic work produced for Reuters for an award with the approval of their manager. Unsolicited awards need similar approval before they can be accepted, as do invitations to sit on a competition jury as a Reuters journalist. No work for Reuters, whether text, visual or graphics, should be produced primarily for submission for an award, nor should it be altered, except to conform to the rules of the competition (e.g. submitted as a Word document). Employees will normally be given approval to submit work produced for Reuters for awards, including monetary awards, from reputable professional bodies in the news, photographic, television and graphics industries or to sit on the jury for such awards. Approval will not be granted to enter work for awards from companies, institutions, lobby groups, governments, political parties or associations and advocacy groups whose criteria are self-serving or whose aim in granting the award could be construed as an attempt to influence the impartiality and tenor of the recipient's work or Reuters coverage. Any unsolicited award for work done for Reuters should be reported immediately by the intended recipient to a manager, who should consider the matter in the spirit of these principles. Sympathetic consideration will be given to unsolicited awards from reputable media rights groups or from official institutions that recognize a journalist's contribution to civil society in a way that cannot be construed as self-serving. Category: Standards and Values.