3.
Delete the original Alert
4.
Chain the Newsbreak to the Alert, again using CORRECTED-
(OFFICIAL)-
before the headline if the Newsbreak is also being corrected
5.
In both cases, CORRECTED-(OFFICIAL)- must be manually inserted. Do not put an A
in the Ref/Msg type box of the header field. Example:
Corrected Alert CORRECTED-(OFFICIAL)-GERMAN
FINMIN-NO NEED REVISE 2001 43.7 (NOT 46.1) BLN DM DEFICIT GOAL Corrected
headline and story CORRECTED-(OFFICIAL)-Germany sees no reason to raise 2001
borrowing Advisory line (Please read in first paragraph, 43.7 billion marks
instead of 46.1 billion marks to comply with an official correction from
finance ministry)
REFILES
- PROCEDURES
Note
that slugs for both refiles and corrections use (CORRECTED) as part of the
slug. The slug line would read: HEALTH-INSURANCE
(CORRECTED). Headline The word REFILE appears in upper case before the
headline, with a dash and no spaces separating them. For example,
"REFILE-XYZ Co posts first-quarter earnings." There must be an
advisory line (trashline) above the story text telling readers what is being
corrected. Follow the same procedures for writing trashlines for refiles as you
would for corrections.m Back to top REPEATS - PROCEDURES Repeats should always
be issued with (REPEAT) at the end of the slug line and RPT- at the front of
the headline. The slug line would read: HEALTH-INSURANCE (REPEAT) The headline
would read: RPT-XYZ Co reports first-quarter earnings. There must be an
advisory line above the story text explaining why the story is being repeated.
The advisory line would read, for example: (Repeats to widen distribution)
KILLS
(WITHDRAWALS) - PROCEDURES
SUSPECT
STORY
If
a story is suspected of being wrong, but we cannot immediately confirm this, we
need to send an Advisory to clients. Send it to the same codes used for the
story in question but with a different USN. For
example, send a headline along these lines: ADVISORY-Ruritania
President-report being checked Slug: BC-RURITANIA-PRESIDENT (ADVISORY URGENT)
In the text field, say something along these lines: With reference to the story
headlined "Ruritanian president reported badly hurt in car crash", we
are checking a report that the president was not in the car. Suspect
story requires correction If the story turns
out to need only a correction, send a CORRECTED with the same USN as the
original story and A in the header field. If the story is fundamentally flawed,
send an ADVISORY saying the story is wrong and is withdrawn. It should state
the reasons for the withdrawal and have the same address codes as the original,
the same USN, a message type of R and the topic code WDW. This ensures the
erroneous item will be deleted from real-time products and that there is a link
(same USN) between the advisory and the story to be killed which will allow the
withdrawn story to be removed from the longer-term database used for
machine-readable news. Please also include the GMT time and date (in DD/MM/YYYY
format) when the original item ran and also include its USN explicitly in the
text. The GMT time can be worked out from the Xtra timestamp. Headline:
ADVISORY-Ruritania president story withdrawn Slug:
BCRURITANIA- PRESIDENT (URGENT) (STORY
WITHDRAWN) Advisory line (trashline): Please
be advised that the Ruritania story reporting that the president was hurt in a
car crash is wrong. The president's spokesman says the president was delayed
and did not make the car journey as planned. The following story has been
withdrawn.
STORY_NUMBER:
L0987654
STORY_DATE:
19/02/2006
STORY_TIME:
1610 GMT
A
substitute story follows.
In
rare cases the Advisory would say: "There will be no substitute
story." This would be the case, for example, when the story was totally
wrong, e.g. if the car never left. In the special case where an alert needs to
be withdrawn and the advisory on this also needs to be alerted, a slightly
different procedure must be followed. In this case, the alert(s) should be sent
on a new USN and the withdrawn snap(s) deleted. The newsbreak that covers the
advisory snap should then be repeated to the old USN as well, to ensure a link
between the advisory and the withdrawn item. This different procedure is
required because R does not work reliably on priority 1 items. The advisory
should contain the USN, date and time information as in the example above. In
addition to these steps, an email must be sent to RCOM
Editorial telling them what has been done. This will
alert our online colleagues to pull each version of the story from websites and
to contact online customers to ask them to remove it. Killing or withdrawing a
story is a serious situation. No story should be killed or withdrawn without
consulting a desk editor and specialist editor. The bureau chief may also be
required to write an Incident Report to the regional specialist editor.
EMBARGOES
TYPES
OF EMBARGOES
There
are two types of embargoes: A TRANSMISSION EMBARGO restricts publication to all
clients until a time specified. A PUBLICATION EMBARGO transmits the story
immediately to MEDIA CLIENTS ONLY with restrictions to prevent them publishing
or broadcasting the story until a time specified. The story is then issued to
desktop clients (Kobra, Eikon, ThomsonOne etc) at the embargo time using the
Lynx Editor embargo function. Minimising the risk
of an embargo break Bureaux transferring embargoed
material to an editing desk reporters must clearly mark it as embargoed in two
places, in UPPER CASE. • In the slugline in Lynx Editor. • In the comment line
in Lynx Editor. For example, the Slugline should read: BC-BALDONIA-SOLDIERS
(EMBARGOED) And the Comment line should read: "EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE AT
2301 GMT APRIL 28" Adding Embargoes to Stories To
place a TRANSMISSION embargo on a story in Lynx Editor: Open the story in Lynx
Editor and click the Set button in the embargo field. Specifiy the date and
time for the embargo. The time defaults to GMT. If you wish to set the embargo
in the local time on your computer, uncheck Use GMT box. Click the Set button
again to save the embargo. To revise the embargo time, click the Edit button.
To remove the embargo, click the Remove button. When you have set the embargo,
the Publish button will change to an Embargo button. Click the Embargo button
to transfer the story to an Embargo basket where the story will be held until
the embargo time expires and Lynx Editor will automatically publish the story.
To place a PUBLICATION EMBARGO on a story. This is a two step process - first
publish the story to media clients with an embargo notice, then go back and set
the story up for desktop clients using a transmission embargo as described
above. Setting the Publication Embargo: Specify an embargo notice in the
SLUGLINE, in the COMMENT field and in the ADVISORY line. Add the EMB code to
the Topic code line. Ensure only relevant MEDIA PRODUCT CODES are in the
Product code field. Delete any other product codes. Click the Publish button to
send the story to media clients. Setting the Transmission Embargo: Make a copy
of the story from the Publication basket and follow the steps for setting a
Transmission Embargo in the section above. If another news service breaks an
embargo, contact the source to see if they object to our running the story
early. In urgent cases (e.g. when a market is moving) we can override
objections and issue the story ahead of time after approval by a senior editor.
In non-urgent cases we would normally respect the wishes of the source of the
material. If we decide also to ignore an embargo we must issue an advisory on
the following lines to explain the circumstances:
BC-BALDONIA-SOLDIERS
(ADVISORY) The BALDONIA CITY story headlined "Baldonian president honours
five dead soldiers", which was embargoed for 2301 GMT April 28, is
released for immediate publication. Another news organization has broken the
embargo. Accidental release to Reuters desktop products
If embargoed material (including Alerts) is
released accidentally to screen services, this material must NOT be deleted.
Where appropriate, we should quickly issue an advisory with the same USN but
using the S message type to add the advisory to the bottom of the story. For
example: ADVISORY - RELEASE OF RURITANIAN TRADE DATA Reuters inadvertently
issued an alert and story detailing Ruritanian trade data for June. Again, do
not delete the material published mistakenly. This may give unfair advantage to
those who read it and disadvantage those who happened to be looking away from
their screen at the time. . Mending fences on
embargo breaks In all cases of embargo breaks the
bureau or reporting team must inform: the relevant editing, the organization
supplying the news, and if merited, regulatory authorities such as stock
exchanges. Tell them we have made an honest mistake for which we are sorry;
that we are taking steps to make sure such things do not occur again and that
we trust future relations with the source will not be jeopardized. Bureau
chiefs should then write a letter to the organization affected repeating that
our policy is to observe embargoes and that we apologies for our error. In most
cases, an embargo break requires an incident report to be written.
APPENDIX
Use
the following guide to determine whether to correct, refile or repeat a story. WHEN
TO CORRECT RICs -- When the RIC used is not that of
the company in the news. If a RIC belongs to no other company and links to a
blank data page, the story should be refilled to remove the dead RIC and
replace it with an active RIC. DATA – Nearly every error that involves a number
requires a correction. MILLION VS BILLION --
Corrections are necessary with this common error. Also, correct when the word
"billion" or "million" has been dropped. DATES
AND TIME PERIODS -- Wrong dates, months or years in the
text. Excludes dates in datelines and days of the week in the first paragraph,
which often can be addressed with a refile unless the meaning changes. For example,
we would correct: XYZ Co acquired EFG Co. in 1997, not 1897, as stated in
paragraph 5. QUOTES --
Any error in a quote that changes the meaning of the sentence. It is
unacceptable to drop the quote from an update instead of issuing a correction.
If a quote contains an extra word or two or is missing a word, issue a refile
unless the meaning changes. PRICES --
It is unacceptable to issue an update rather than a correction when the wrong
price for a stock, bond or other asset is published (unless the price changed
incrementally while the story was being filed.) Also correct mistakes in the
direction of any price changes, such as when the story mistakenly says a stock
rose instead of fell.
BACKGROUND
-- Even though background information may not
change the meaning of the story or its trading impact, it often adds to the
crredibility, and thusmerits a correction when it is wrong. PROPER NAMES --
Names of people, places, companies and organizations should be corrected when a
misspelling creates confusion or when an erroneous name has been substituted.
For example: The name President Jeb Bush was inadvertently used in the first
sentence instead of his brother George W. Use a refile to correct obvious typos
in proper names. For example, President Georeg Bush. The trashline would read:
Refiles to correct spelling of George in first paragraph.
GENERAL
CONTENT -- Descriptions, analyses or explanations
that are should be corrected even if republished from a previous story
erroneous or if they are not of primary importance. For example, an advisory
line might read: The second paragraph erroneously described XYZ Co as the
largest widget maker in the world. XYZ Co is the second largest behind QRS
Corp.
DROPPED
WORD -- When the missing word changes the meaning
of a sentence, a correction is necessary. For example, "He was found
guilty," instead of "He was found not guilty." Otherwise, use
refile to add dropped words or delete extraneous ones.
TIME
REFERENCES -- Corrections of time references should
carry advisory
lines
that read: Corrects month measured by housing data to June instead of July. Special
note on Alerts: Mistakes in Alerts raise the special
issue of timings. The kind of errors that would merit refiles are usually
better left unaddressed in Alerts. When a refile is deemed necessary, let the
Alert with the mistake stand and issue a refile that would stand side by side
with the original. Any mistake involving a number would still be corrected in
Alerts. Again, it is best practice to insist that all mistakes in Alerts be
sent to the appropriate editing desk, which would then make a decision on how
to handle it. The bureau, reporter or editor in the field should never make
such a decision independently. Any remedial action must be handled by the
editing desk.
WHEN
TO REFILE
Use
refile to handle the following types of mistakes that would have no bearing on
a trading decision or would not distort the meaning of a story or any passage
within it. Sample advisory lines are also provided. RICS
- Refile stories that contain wrong RICS only
when the symbol used belongs to no other company and links to a blank data
page. The trashline would read: Refiles to correct inactive stock symbol in
paragraph 4. If a RIC belonging to another company is mistakenly used, a
correction is required. The trashline would read: Corrects stock symbol in
paragraph 3 to ABC.N from ABC.O. DATELINE --
Errors in datelines, including the location and date, unless either would have
an important bearing on the meaning of the story e.g. Corrects dateline from
FRANKFURT to Brussels or Corrects dateline to Aug 5 from Aug 4
DAY
OF THE WEEK -- When the wrong day of the week appears in
the lead
sentence,
unless the mistake would distort the significance of the news or applies to a
day in the future e.g. Corrects day in first paragraph to Tuesday from Monday. TIME
CONVERSIONS -- Simple time conversions when the time
being converted is correct, e.g. Corrects time in paragraph 3 to 1350 GMT from
1550 GMT. SPELLING --
For typographical errors of common words, or most spelling mistakes in proper
names, e.g. Fixes typo in 10th paragraph or Corrects spelling of Greenspan in
final paragraph.
NAMES
-- A story that says "President
Bush" on first reference or President George Bush, for example, should be
refilled with President George W. Bush. The trash line would be: Refiles to
correct name in paragraph 2 to President George W. Bush. AGES
-- Use REFILE for correcting the age of an
individual, unless the mistake distorts the meaning of the story. The trash
line would read: Refiles to correct age in paragraph 6 to 53 years old.
TITLES
-- Use REFILE to correct minor mistakes in
titles, such as senior vice president instead of vice president. The trash line
would read: Refiles to correct title in paragraph 2 to chief financial officer.
But use CORRECTED for errors that could have bigger ramifications, such as
chief financial officer instead of chief executive. If there is any question,
the desk head will make the decision on
PRESS LAW
1. Press Law &
2. What is Law? Law is
nothing but codified Common Sense.
3. Law The Law is the
organization of the natural rights of lawful defense. It is the substitution of
a common force for individual forces. And this common force is to do only what
the individual forces have a natural and lawful rights to do: to protect
persons, liberties, and properties ; to maintain the right of each, and to
cause justice to reign over us all.
4. Types of Law
Religious/Natural Man Made Common Law Specific Law
5. Types of Law Common Laws
Constitutional law Criminal law Tort law Property law Nationality law Specific
Laws Administrative law Contract law Labour law Trust law Hindu Law Mohammedan
law Christian Law
6. Legal System &
Democracy Legislation (Parliament/State Assemblies) Executive
(Ministry/Administration/Police) Supreme Court Constitution
7. Indian Judiciary Supreme
Court High Court Lower Courts/ Tribunal
8. Supreme Court The Supreme
Court of India is the highest court of the land as established by Part V,
Chapter IV of the Constitution of India. According to the Constitution of
India, the role of the Supreme Court is that of a federal court , guardian of
the Constitution and the highest court of appeal. Articles 124 to 147 of the
Constitution of India lay down the composition and jurisdiction of the Supreme
Court of India. The Supreme Court of India had its inaugural sitting on 28
January 1950 , and since then has delivered more than 24,000 reported
judgments. Supreme court is not only the final court of permissible Appeal ,
but also deals with interstate matters , and matters comprising of more than
one state, and the matters between the Union Government and any one or more
states, as the matters on its original side. The Appeals to this court are
allowed from the High Court, only after the matter is deemed to be important
enough on the point of law or on the subject of the constitution of the nation,
and is certified as such by the relevant High Court. In the absence of any
certificate from the High Court, a person may, with the leave of the apex
court, appeal to this court, by filing a Special Leave Petition before the
court. A person or body may also file a Writ (PIL) against the violation of
Fundamental Rights granted under the Constitution of India, with the permission
of the apex court. Certain writs are allowed to be instituted in the apex court
directly, against the orders of the Courts of the Court Martial, and the
Central Administrative Tribunals. 9. High Court High Courts are instituted as
constitutional courts under Part VI, Chapter V, Article 214 of the Indian
Constitution. Every State has a High Court, which works under the direct
guidance and supervision of the Supreme Court of India, and is the uppermost
court in that state, and generally the last court of regular appeals . The High
Courts are also termed as the courts of equity, and can be approached in writs
not only for violation of fundamental rights under the provisions of Article 32
of the Indian constitution, but also for any other rights under Article 226 of
the Constitution , and under its powers to supervise over all its subordinate
courts falling within the physical jurisdiction of the same under Article 227
of the Constitution. In fact, when apparently there is no effective remedy
available to a person in equity, it can always move the High Court in an
appropriate writ. All the High Courts have different division benches in
different parts of the respective states for speedier cheaper and effective
dispensing of justice. For the purpose of disposal of its business, the Judges
in the High Court, either sit singly or in benches of two or more judges in
benches for deciding more important matters. 10. Indian High Courts 63 Port
Blair (circuit bench) Calcutta West Bengal , Andaman and Nicobar Islands High
Courts Act, 1861 1862-07-02 Calcutta High Court 60 Nagpur , Panaji , Aurangabad
Mumbai Maharashtra , Goa , Dadra and Nagar Haveli , Daman and Diu High Courts
Act, 1861 1862-08-14 Bombay High Court 39 Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh
Andhra State Act, 1953 1954-07-05 Andhra Pradesh High Court 95 Lucknow
Allahabad Uttar Pradesh High Courts Act, 1861 1866-06-11 Allahabad High Court
Jud. Benches Seat Jurisdiction Act established Established Court name 11.
Indian High Courts 14 Srinagar & Jammu [4] Jammu & Kashmir
Letters Patent issued by the Maharaja of Kashmir 1943-08-28 Jammu and Kashmir
High Court 09 Shimla Himachal Pradesh State of H.P. Act, 1970 1971
Himachal Pradesh High Court 42 Ahmedabad Gujarat Bombay Re-organsisation
Act, 1960 1960-05-01 Gujarat High Court 27 Kohima , Aizwal & Imphal .
Circuit Bench at Agartala & Shillong Guwahati Arunachal Pradesh , Assam ,
Manipur , Meghalaya , Nagaland , Tripura , Mizoram Government of India Act,
1935 1948-03-01 Gauhati High Court [3] 36 New Delhi National Capital
Territory of Delhi Delhi High Court Act, 1966 1966-10-31 Delhi High Court [2]
08 Bilaspur Chhattisgarh Madhya Pradesh Re-organisation Act, 2000
2000-01-11 Chhattisgarh High Court 12. Indian High Courts 43 Patna Bihar
Government of India Act, 1915 1916-09-02 Patna High Court 27 Cuttack
Orissa Orissa High Court Order, 1948 1948-04-03 Orissa High Court 47 Madurai
Chennai Tamil Nadu , Pondicherry High Courts Act, 1861 1862-08-15 Madras High
Court 42 Gwalior , Indore Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh Government of India Act, 1935
1936-01-02 Madhya Pradesh High Court [7] 40 Kochi Kerala , Lakshadweep
States Reorganisation Act , 1956 1956 Kerala High Court [6] 40 Circuit Benches
at Hubli-Dharwad & Gulbarga Bangalore Karnataka Mysore High Court
Act, 1884 1884 Karnataka High Court [5] 12 Ranchi Jharkhand Bihar
Re-organisation Act, 2000 2000 Jharkhand High Court 13. Indian High Courts
Allahabad High CourtOriginally known established at Agra. Shifted to Allahabad
in 1875. Lahore High Court established in 1919-03-21. Jurisdiction covered
undivided Punjab and Delhi. In 1947-08-11 a separate High Court of Punjab was
created with its seat at Simla under the Indian Independence Act, 1947 which
had jurisdiction over Punjab, Delhi and present Himachal Pradesh and Haryana.
In 1966 after the reorganisation of the State of Punjab, the High Court was
designated as the High Court of Punjab and Haryana. The Delhi High Court was
established on 1966-10-31 with its seat at Shimla. 09 Nainital
Uttarakhand U.P. Re-organisation Act, 2000 2000 Uttaranchal High Court 03
Gangtok Sikkim 38th Amendment 1975 Sikkim High Court 40 Jaipur Jodhpur
Rajasthan Rajasthan High Court Ordinance, 1949 1949-06-21 Rajasthan High Court
53 Chandigarh Punjab , Haryana , Chandigarh High Court (Punjab) Order,
1947 1947-11-08 Punjab and Haryana High Court [8] 14. Lower Courts/Tribunals
District Judges Sessions Judges Appellate Co-Operative Courts Appellate
Labour Courts Income Tax Tribunals Central Excise Tribunal Sales Tax Tribunals
Accident Claims Tribunals Special Courts Administrative Tribunals Military and
other similar Courts 15. Judge & Magistrate Principal Civil Judges (SD
& JD) The Chief Judicial Magistrates and other Judicial Magistrates of
First Class Special Executive Magistrates Metropolitan Magistrates 16. Indian
Criminal Justice Indian Penal Code 1860 (IPC) Criminal Procedure Code 1973 (Cr.
PC) Law of Evidence 1872 17. Indian Penal Code Indian Penal Code (IPC, Hindi: भारतीय दण्ड संहिता ) The Indian Penal Code came into force in
1862 (during the British Raj) and is regularly amended, such as to inc aspects
of the Criminal Law. The code applies to any offence committed by an Indian
Citizen anywhere and on any Indian registered ship or aircraft. After
independence, Indian Penal Code was inherited by Pakistan (now called Pakistan
Penal Code) and Bangladesh, formerly part of British India. It was also adopted
wholesale by the British colonial authorities in Burma, Sri Lanka, Malaysia,
Singapore and Brunei, and remains the basis of the criminal codes in those
countries. The draft of the Indian Penal Code was prepared by the First Law
Commission. It was chaired by Lord Macaulay passed into law in 1860,
unfortunately Macaulay did not survive to see his masterpiece enacted into a
law. 18. Offences under IPC
Sections 295 to 298. CHAPTER XV -
OFFENCES RELATING TO RELIGION Sections 269 to 294 A. CHAPTER XIV - OFFENCES
AFFECTING THE PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY, CONVENIENCE, DECENCY AND MORALS Sections
264 to 267. CHAPTER XIII - OFFENCES RELATING TO WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Sections
231 to 263 A. CHAPTER XII - OFFENCES RELATING TO COIN AND GOVERNMENT STAMPS
Sections 193 to 207. Sections 208 to 216. Sections 216 A to 229. CHAPTER XI -
FALSE EVIDENCE AND OFFENCES AGAINST PUBLIC JUSTICE Sections 172 to 190. CHAPTER
X - CONTEMPTS OF THE LAWFUL AUTHORITY OF PUBLIC SERVANTS Sections 171 E to 171
I. CHAPTER IX-A - OFFENCES RELATING TO ELECTIONS Sections 161 to 171. CHAPTER
IX - OFFENCES BY OR RELATING TO PUBLIC SERVANTS Sections 143 to 160. CHAPTER
VIII - OFFENCES AGAINST THE PUBLIC TRANQUILITY Sections 131 to 140. CHAPTER VII
- OFFENCES RELATING TO THE ARMY, NAVY AND AIR FORCE Sections 121 to 130.
CHAPTER VI - OFFENCES AGAINST THE STATE Section 120 B CHAPTER V - A - CRIMINAL
CONSPIRACY Sections 109 to 120. CHAPTER V – ABETMENT 19. Offences Under Indian
Penal Code Sections 511. CHAPTER XXIII - ATTEMPTS TO COMMIT OFFENCES. Sections
504 to 510. CHAPTER XXII - CRIMINAL INTIMIDATION, INSULT AND ANNOYANCE Sections
500 to 502. CHAPTER XXI - DEFAMATION Sections 498 A. CHAPTER XX - A - OF
CRUELTY BY HUSBAND OR RELATIVES OF HUSBAND. Sections 493 to 498. CHAPTER XX -
OFFENCES RELATING TO MARRIAGE. Sections 491. CHAPTER XIX - CRIMINAL BREACH OF
CONTRACTS OF SERVICE Sections 465 to 489 E. CHAPTER XVIII - OFFENCES RELATING
TO DOCUMENTS AND TO PROPERTY MARKS Sections 379 to 402. Sections 403 to 440.
Sections 447 to 462. CHAPTER XVII - OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY Sections 302 to
318. Sections 323 to 348. Sections 352 to 377. CHAPTER XVI - OFFENCES AFFECTING
THE HUMAN BODY 20. Cognizable, Bailable A cognizable offence
in the criminal justice system of India is one in which the police is empowered
to register a FIR , investigate and arrest an accused involved in cognizable crime
without a court warrant. As defined in Cr.PC, a non-cognizable offence is one
in which police can neither register a First Information Report (FIR) nor can
investigate or effect arrest without the express permission or directions from
the court. The offences under any law (mostly the Indian Penal Code) are
classified as cognizable and non-cognizable , as bailable or non-bailable and
by the lowest courts which can try them. These are given and defined in the
First Schedule of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. 21. Press Clipped from
the Printing Press A Printing or Published establishment The Art, business or
practice of printing Newspapers, magazines, news services etc, in general, or
the persons who write them; journalism or journalists Publicity, criticism,
etc, in newspaper, magazine, etc. (WEBSTER’s New World Dictionary) 22. What is
Press? (legal) The Press as an establishment where printing is done The Press
as a Medium of Publication The Products of Printing, Such as Newspaper,
Pamphlets, Handbills and Books. Those who engage in the production of foregoing
articles, such as printer, editor, publisher, journalist or author. The
business aspect of a printing establishment, Newspaper in particular. 23. Press
The Press as a medium of expression, publicity, criticism etc., In relation to
an individual (involving defamation) In relation to state (involving sedition,
incitement to offences) In relation to court (involving contempt of Court) In
relation to Parliament (affecting privileges of Parliament) In relation to the
public in general (involving public order, decency) 24. What is a Newspaper? S.
1 (1) of Press and Registration of Books Act 1867 “ Newspaper means any printed
periodical work containing public news or comments on public news” It must be
printed It must be periodically It must contain news or comments on news Such
news must be public in nature 25. Newspaper Establishment Section 2 (d) of
Working Journalist Act 1955: “ Newspaper establishment means an establishment
under the control of any person or body of persons, whether incorporated or
not, for the production or publication of one or more newspaper or for
conducting any news agency or syndicate.” 26. Book and Pamphlet S 1 (1) of
Press and Registration of Book Act 1867: “ Book includes every volume, part of
or division of a volume, and pamphlet, in any language, and every map, chart or
plan separately printed.” Book exclude a newspaper, it would include a
pamphlet. 27. Registrar of Newspapers for India The Office of the Registrar of
Newspapers for India, popularly known as RNI came into being on July 1, 1956 ,
on the recommendation of the First Press Commission in 1953 and by amending the
Press and Registration of Books Act (PRB Act) 1867. The RNI compiles and
maintains a register of newspapers containing particulars about all the
newspapers published in the country; it issues certificates of registration to
the newspapers published under valid declaration. It scrutinizes and analyzes
annual statements sent by the publishers of newspapers every year. RNI include
the formulation of a Newsprint Allocation Policy—guidelines and the ability to
issue Eligibility Certificates to the newspapers to enable them to import
newsprint and to procure indigenous newsprint. The RNI assesses and certifies the
essential needs and requirements of newspaper establishments to import printing
and composing machinery and allied materials. 28. History of Press The printing
press preceded the advent of printed news in India by about 250 years. It was
in 1674 that the first printing apparatus was established in Bombay followed by
Madras in 1772. India's first newspaper, Calcutta General Advertise , also
known as the Hicky's Bengal Gazette was established in January 1780 . First
Hindi daily, Samachar Sudha Varshan , began in 1854 . it is instructive to
examine India's press in two broad analytical sections: the colonial and
independent press (which may, again be classified into two: preceding and
following the Emergency rule imposed by Indira Gandhi's government in 1975).
29. History of Press "Newspaper history in India is inextricably
tangled with political history," James Augustus Hicky was the founder
of India's first newspaper, the Calcutta General Advertiser also known as
Hicky's Bengal Gazette , in 1780. Soon other newspapers came into existence in
Calcutta and Madras: the Calcutta Gazette , the Bengal Journal, the Oriental
Magazine , the Madras Courier and the Indian Gazette . While the India Gazette
enjoyed governmental patronage including free postal circulation and
advertisements, Hicky's Bengal Gazette earned the rulers' wrath due to its
criticism of the government. In November 1780 its circulation was halted by
government decree. Hicky protested against this arbitrary harassment without
avail, and was imprisoned. The Bengal Gazette and the India Gazette were
followed by the Calcutta Gazette which subsequently became the government's
"medium for making its general orders" The Bombay Herald ,
The Statesmen in Calcutta and the Madras Mail and The Hindu , along with many
other rivals in Madras represented the metropolitan voice of India and its
people. While Statesman voiced the English rulers' voice , The Hindu became the
beacon of patriotism in the South . The Hindu was founded in Madras as a counter
to the Madras Mail . 30. Press Regulations in India “ Our freedom depends in
large part, on the continuation of a free press, which is the strongest
guarantee of a free society .” The Press and Registration of Books
Act, 1867 – This Act regulates printing presses and newspapers and makes
registration with an appointed Authority compulsory for all printing
presses. The Press (Objectionable Matters) Act, 1951 – This enactment
provides against the printing and publication of incitement to crime and other
objectionable matters. The Newspaper (Prices and Pages) Act, 1956
– This statute empowers the Central Government to regulate the price of
newspapers in relation to the number of pages and size and also to regulate the
allocation of space to be allowed for advertising matter. 31. Press
Regulations in India Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Libraries) Act,
1954 – According to this Act, the publishers of books and newspapers are
required to deliver, free of cost, a copy of every published book to the
National Library at Calcutta and one copy each to three other public libraries
specified by the Central Government. The Working Journalists and other
Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act,
1955 – It lays down the minimum standards of service conditions for newspaper
employees and journalists. Defence of India Act, 1962 – This Act came
into force during the Emergency proclaimed in 1962. This Act aimed at
restricting the Freedom Of The Press to a large extent keeping in mind the
unrest prevailing in India in lieu of the war against China. The Act empowered
the Central Government to issue rules with regard to prohibition of publication
or communication prejudicial to the civil defence/military operations, prevention
of prejudicial reports and prohibition of printing or publishing any matter in
any newspaper. Civil Defence Act, 1968 - It allows the Government to make
rules for the prohibition of printing and publication of any book, newspaper or
other document prejudicial to the Civil Defence. Press Council Act, 1978
– Under this Act, the Press Council was reconstituted (after 1976) to maintain
and improve the standards of newspaper and news agencies in India . 32.
Press Regulations in India Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 The Official Secrets
Act, 1923 . Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 The Cinematograph
Act, 1952 The Copyright Act, 1957 Cine Workers and Cinema Theatre Workers
(Regulation of Employment) Act, 1981 Drug and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisement)
Act, 1954 Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 33. Broadcast
Media ( Ministry of I&B) The Broadcasting Code To ensure the objective
presentation of news and fair and unbiased comment To promote the advancement
of education and culture To raise and maintain high standards of decency and
decorum in all programmes To provide programmes for the young which, by variety
and content, will inculcate the principles of good citizenship To promote
communal harmony, religious tolerance and international understanding To treat
controversial public issues in an impartial and dispassionate manner To respect
human rights and dignity
PRINT
MEDIA –HISJOUR
1. History of Press In 1787
Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, wrote,
"...were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government
without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a
moment to prefer the latter."
2. Development Rome had a
particularly sophisticated system for circulating written news, centered on the
acta -- daily handwritten news sheets, which were posted by the government in
the Roman Forum from the year 59 B.C. to at least A.D. 222 and which were
filled with news of such subjects as political happenings, trials, scandals,
military campaigns and executions. 3. China, too, had early government-produced
news sheets, called the tipao , which were first circulated among officials
during the Han dynasty (202 B.C. to A.D. 221) and were printed at some point
during the T'ang dynasty (618 to 906). 4. The printing press was used to
disseminate news in Europe shortly after Johann Gutenberg invented the letter
press, employing movable type, in the 1450s. One of the first printed works
that might qualify as news was an Italian account of a tournament printed in
about 1470. 5. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, thousands of printed
news books, short pamphlets reporting on a news event, and news ballads,
accounts of news events written in verse and usually printed on one side of a
single sheet of paper, circulated in Europe and, to a lesser extent, in the new
European colonies in America. 6. The first news report printed in the America
described an earthquake in Guatemala and was printed in Mexico in 1541. 7. The
Origins of Newspapers The history of newspapers is an often-dramatic chapter of
the human experience going back some five centuries. 8. In Renaissance Europe
handwritten newsletters circulated privately among merchants, passing along
information about everything from wars and economic conditions to social
customs and "human interest" features. The first printed
forerunners of the newspaper appeared in Germany in the late 1400's in the form
of news pamphlets or broadsides, often highly sensationalized in content. 9.
The first newspaper printed in England appeared in 1621. France produced it in
1631. 1780 ??? 10. Chronological History of Indian Press Indian Press –more
than 200 years old 11. 1674- First Printing Press was established in Bombay
1772- Established in Madras 1779- Established in Calcutta 1776- First newspaper
meant for publication was announced by William Bolts 1780- Dissemination of
newsletters inspired James Augustus Hicky to start his newspaper Bengal Gazette
or Calcutta General Advertiser on January 29. 12. Other weeklies and monthly
newspapers which started in 19 th century in Bengal were Dig Darshan, Samachar
Darpan, Friend of India. 1781- Hicky was arrested and thrown into jail. He
continued writing from there till the types used for printing were seized 1799-
British government issued press regulations making the publication of the name
of the printer, editor and proprietor obligatory 13. 1822- The Bombay Samachar
, a Gujarati newspaper appeared 1830- Mombai Vartman appeared 1831-
Jan-e-Samshad appeared 1839- The Bengali Press with nine newspapers had a
circulation of 200 copies each 14. 1850- Bombay Darpan began publication
1857-Press restrictions were brought back. The Gagging Act ( compulsory
licensing & ban )was introduced 1876- Vernacular Press Act was promulgated
1878- G. Subramania Aiyer founded The Hindu as a weekly in Madras on September
20 1878- Lord Lytton imposed the Vernacular Press Act for controlling the Press
1878- He instituted the post of Press Commissioner 1910-Indian Press Act
clamped further controls on newspapers in the wake of partition of Bengal 15.
1850- Bombay Darpan began publication 1857-Press restrictions were brought
back. The Gagging Act was introduced 1876- Vernacular Press Act was promulgated
1878- G. Subramania Aiyer founded The Hindu as a weekly in Madras on September
20 1878- Lord Lytton imposed the Vernacular Press Act for controlling the Press
1878- He instituted the post of Press Commissioner 1910-Indian Press Act
clamped further controls on newspapers in the wake of partition of Bengal 16.
1931- Free Press of India began as a news agency, started Indian Express and
Dinamani in Madras 1930- Government took over the Bombay and Calcutta station
1938- BBC loaned the services of Lionel Fielden who became the Controller of
Broadcasting and started a short wave service 17. 1938-Press supported the
stand of the British government initially, but soon conflict arose on reporting
the war news in newspapers 1939-All India Newspapers Editors Conference came
into being 18. A History of Indian Journalism "The over-200-year
history of the Indian press, from the time of Hicky to the present day, is the
history of a struggle for freedom, which has not yet ended. There have been
alternating periods of freedom and of restrictions on freedom amounting to
repression. 19. Hicky's Gazette : It was not until James Augustus Hicky
dared to start his Bengal Gazette (also called Hickys Gazette) in 1780 that the
age of Journalism dawned in the country. 20. He described the Bengal
Gazette (later called Hicky’s Gazette) as a 'weekly political and commercial
paper open to all parties but influenced by none'. His venom was aimed at
individuals like Mrs. Warren Hastings and their private affairs. He published
announcements of marriages and engagements, and of 'likely' engagements! The
Gazette was, in essence, no better than a scandal sheet. 21. Barely a year
later, Sir Warren Hastings denied all postal facilities to Hicky who hit back
with these ringing words: 'Mr. Hicky considers the Liberty of the Press to be
essential to the very existence of an Englishman and a free Government. The
subject should have full liberty to declare his principles and opinions, and
every act which tends to coerce that liberty is tyrannical and injurious to the
community'. 22. In June the following year (1781), Hicky was arrested and
thrust into jail, from where he continued writing for the Gazette. He was
stopped from 'bringing out his weekly only when the types used for printing
were seized'. 23. Five newspapers made their appearance in Bengal in six years'
time -all started by English men. Some of these newspapers received government
patronage. The Madras Courier and the Bombay Herald (which later merged with
the Bombay Courier) were then launched in the two cities. They were subservient
to the government, and therefore flourished. The total circulation of all these
weeklies was not more than 2,000; yet, the government issued Press Regulations,
(1799) making the publication of the name of the printer, editor and proprietor
obligatory.
24. Regional Press The
pioneers of Indian language journalism were the Serampore Missionaries with
Samachar Darpan and other Bengali periodicals, and Raja Ram Mohan Roy with his
Persian newspaper Miratool
25. It was almost a decade
before daily vernacular papers like Vartaman (1830), the Jan-e-Jamshed (1831),
and the in the South, a Tamil and in the North West Provinces, a Hindi and an
Urdu newspaper began. The Sepoy Mutiny (1857) brought back the press restrictions
in the form of the Gagging Act. Lord Canning argued to lift the press
restrictions. 26. The main topics of discussion in the English and vernacular
press before and after the Mutiny were sati, caste, widow remarriage, polygamy,
crimes, and opposition to the teaching of English in schools and colleges.
Bombay's Gujarati press, in particular, excelled in the defence of the Indian
way of life. 27. In 1876, the Vernacular Press Act was promulgated. During the
next two decades the Times of India (1838) , The Pioneer , the Madras Mail ,
and Amrit Bazar Patrika came into existence -all except the last edited by
Englishmen, and serving the interests of English educated readers. The English
press played down the inaugural meeting of the Indian National Congress on
December 28, 1885 in Bombay, but was reported at length by the vernacular
papers such as Kesari (founded by Lokmanya Tilak). 28. The Amrit Bazar Patrika
and Kesari soon gained a reputation for opposing government attempts to
suppress nationalist aspirations. The Amrit Bazar Patrika , for instance,
denounced the deposition of the Maharaja of Kashmir, and Kesari was foremost in
attacking the Age of Consent Bill of 1891, which sought to prohibit the
consummation of marriage before a bride completed the age of 12. The Kesar:i's
stand was endorsed by the Amrit Bazar Patrika and Bangabasi of Calcutta on the
ground that the government had no right to interfere with traditional Hindu
customs. 29. Tilak charged the government with disrespect for the liberty and
privacy of the Indian people, and with negligence in providing relief during
the countrywide famine in 1896- 97, which resulted in the death of over a
million people. 30. Such savage anti-government sentiments could not be
allowed free play and so Lord Elgin added sections to the Indian Penal Code to,
enable the government to deal with promotion of' disaffection' against the
Crown, or of enmity and hatred between different classes. Also prohibited was
'the circulation of any reports with intent to cause mutiny among British
troops, intent to cause such fear or alarm among the public as to cause any
person to commit an offence against the State, or intent to incite any class or
community to commit offences against any other class or community. 31. The penalties
for offences ranged from life imprisonment to short imprisonment or fines. The
man who became the most noteworthy victim of these new laws was none other than
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, editor of Kesari and its English companion, Mahratha . He
was arrested, convicted and jailed for six years, but Kesar i continued to
build up its reputation and influence as a national daily, as India woke to the
20th century. 32. Other champions of press freedom who were prosecuted at about
the same time were Aurobindo Ghose of Bande Mataram , H.H. Upadhayaya of
Sandhya , and H.N. Dutt of Jugantar . The vernacular press suffered rigorous
restrictions under the British rule. The Rowlatt Act (imprison without trial)
was promulgated and imprisonments were covered by the vernacular press whose
readership was unparalleled. 33. Journalism in India had come to stay and
progress. The people, including the administration and Hastings had come to
realise the power and influence of the pen through the Press. A crop of
newspapers erupted. The Bengal Journal, the Oriental Magazine and the Calcutta
Chronicle started publication from Calcutta. The Madras Courier, the Harkaru,
the Madras Gazette, the Bombay Herald and the Bombay Gazette made their debut
from Chennai and Mumbai, respectively. Gradually censorship and Government’s
repression followed. 34. Although the first printing press was imported into
Bombay as early as 1670 by the Parsi businessman Bhimjee Parikh, it was more
than a hundred years before the first newspaper was printed. The first English
newspaper in Bombay was printed by Rustomji Keshaspathi. 35. The first
vernacular newspaper in Bombay was the Gujarati daily Mumbai Samachar ,
published in 1822 by Fardoonjee Marzban. Although not the first newspaper in an
Indian language (that distinction was held by the Bengali newspaper Sangbad
Kaumudi , published from Calcutta) Mumbai Samachar is still being published,
and is India's oldest newspaper. The first Marathi daily Dig-Dursan appeared in
1837, and the first Hindu-Gujarati newspaper, Vartaman in 1849 (in Ahmedabad). 36. In 1878 the Government of India passed the Censorship
Act. Protests from the press had no effect. Four years later, in 1882, the
newspaper Kaiser-i-Hind was founded by Framjee Cowasji Mehta. This became a
platform for the fledgling Congress from its inception in 1885. The leading
British newspaper of this time was the Times of India
HISTORY OF PRESS LAWS IN INDIA
1.
History of Press Laws in India . End of Censorship: During 1818 the Censorship
of the press was abolished, which led to emergence of new journals like
Calcutta Journal from J.S. Buckingham. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court,
the Governor of Madras, and the Lord Bishop of Calcutta could not escape the
sharp criticism from the bold and fearless journalist Buckingham.
2. Munro Reforms & the
Press Sir Thomas Munro did the study to the conditions of the press in India.
In his report he expressed fears and apprehensions against the press owned by
the people of Indian origin and found no threat from the European Journalists.
He saw a growing power in the press, which could even overthrow the British
Power and spread nationalist thoughts. After the recommendations of Munro, the
GOI introduces the licensing systme.
3. Contd…. No newspaper or
book can be published without the license being obtained for that purpose. The
Government was empowered to stop the circulation of any newspaper or book by
publication of mere notice in the gazette. RajaRam Mohan Roy and Dwarkanath
Tagore protested the new regulations that were placed before the supreme court
in March 1823 came into force on 15 th April 1823.
4. Sir Metcalfe’s
Contribution These regulations were force till 1835, when Sir Charles Metcalfe,
with assistance from Lord Macaulay, who was the law member of the government.
Act XV of 1857 was enacted to regulate the establishment of printing press and
restrain in certain cases the circulation of printed books and papers. These
restriction were withdrawn after the Mutiny.
5. The Vernacular Press It
came into existance after 1 st freedom struggle in 1857. Bengali, Amrit Bazar
Patrika and the Akbhare-e-am at Lahore were started as news weeklies. A new act
of XXV of 1867 has replaced Act of 1835. The Press and Books Registration Act
of 1867 is still in force with some amendments in 1893 and 1940.
6. The Vernacular Press Act
It was just brought within 2 hours after a sanction obtained from the secretary
of state for India through telegram. Lord Lytton engineered this draconian law.
Very soon the act gained a name as “The Gagging Act”.
7. The Newspapers
(Incitement of Offences) Act,1908 If any newspaper is found inciting the
offences, crimes of murder and any act of violence, this act can put an end to
the existing of that newspaper. District Magistrate was empowered to confiscate
the printing press where a newspaper containing an incitement to violence is
printed. The police was also empowered to attach the printing press and issue
warrants. The matter can be taken in appeal within 13 days. The Yugantar, the
Sandhya & the Bandemataram newspaper stopped their publication.
8. The Indian Press Act 1910
This act empowered the magistrate to require a deposit of not less than Rs.500
and not more than Rs.2000 from the keepers of news printing presses and
publishers of newspapers. The local government could even demand a security
deposit of Rs.500 min to Rs.5000 max. It was a huge money which would be
generally beyond anybody’s affordability. It was imposed due to seditious
publication and enlarged to include writing against the Indian Princes, judges,
executive officers and public servants. Almost 350 printing press were
penalized and securities of 40,000 pounds were demanded from newspapers.
Because of security deposits, more than 130 newspapers had not started. This
act was heavily used against the newspapers Punjabee & Hinduvasi etc.
9. Contd…….. In that act
sec.IV was very oppressive, as that not allow any scope for independent
criticism of any government action. 2 nd arbitrary feature was that the
provincial government was given power to decide what was an offending
publication and what was an objectionable matter, and it was not ordinary
courts that decide such matters. Deposit was not less than Rs.1000 to
Rs.10,000. Even the customs officers and officers of post offices were given
powers to detain any packet or parcel or consignment suspected to certain
objectionable matter and deliver the same to the provincial gov. The act was
vigorously enforced during World War-1
10. The Government of India
Act,1919 This act was came into force during nationalist movement. Sir Tej
Bahadur Sapru was appointed as the 1 st Indian Law Member. He headed the
committee to study the working of the Indian Act 1910. The news of the
struggle, arrest of the leaders found more space in these newspapers.
11. The Indian Press
(Emergency Powers) Act,1931 It was another draconian law aimed at curbing the
journalistic writes and containing the expression of thoughts. It also curbing
the writing which incites murder or other crimes or violence. Deposit of
Rs.1000 to Rs.10,000 security in advance to a fresh start of newspaper. The
government used as a weapon to impose restrictions on the press, for example:
the publication of the speeches & messages of leaders arrested, the
statement issued from the leaders from jail, ‘exaggerated’ reports of political
events, notices & adv. of meetings, processions & other activities
tending to promote civil disobedience movement or any other matter in
furtherance of the same. Example- The printers & publishers of Bombay
Chronicle Rs.3000; Anand Bazar Patrika –Rs.1000; The Liberty of Calcutta
–Rs.6000 and The Free Journal –Rs.6,000.
12. Foreign Relations
Act,1932. It was again the weapon to muzzle the press. The government was
empowered to penalize the publications calculated to interfere with the
maintenance of good relations between his majesty’s government & friendly
foreign countries.
13. Review of the Press Law
in Independent India The government of India has constituted a press law enquiry
committee under the chairmanship of Shri Ganganath Jha. The job of committee
was to collect all existing laws and make recommendations to modify and make
them suitable to the changed circumstances. And the recommendations were as
follows: 1.There is a need to add one explanation to s.153A of IPC (Promoting
enmity between classes) to the effect that it does not amount to an offence
under that section to advocate a change in the social or economic order
provided such advocacy does not involve violence.
14. Contd…….. 2. Repeal of
the Indian States (Protection) Act 1934. 3. Repeal of the Foreign Regulations
Act 1932. 4. The Press advisory committee should constitute. 5. There is a need
to repeal of Indian Press (Emergency Power) Act 1932 but it was also suggested
that certain provisions of that Act which didn’t find the place in the ordinary
law of the country should be incorporated at suitable places. 6. Regarding
Sedition, s.124A of IPC should be amended so as to apply to the acts or words,
which either incite disorders or are intended or tend to incite disorder.
15. Contd…. 7. Under s.144
of Criminal Procedure Code should not be applied to the press and separate
provisions should be made, if necessary, for dealing with the press in urgent
cases of apprehended danger. 8. A new
provisions should be made in the law to empower the courts to order the closing
down of a press for a special period in case of repeat violations of
COMMUNICATION
BRIEF
1.Communication brief Pratik
Kashikar 2. Subject Area• News show 3. Specific Topic•
Audio-Visual format• 30 minutes special news show• It covers all the major
(selected) news happened during the month. 4. Target Audience• Gujarati news
viewers. 5. Operational Definition• To create special news show on special news
item, various news will be gathered during a month.• Will create a creative
news show which will attract the viewers of general news bulletin. 6.
Objectives• To inform people in better way, what happened during one month in
Gujarat. 7. Measurable Outcome• T.R.P 8. Background Information• Every news
channel’s annual news summary program• Doordarshan weekly news program•
Newspapers annual summary 9. Existing situation• Open market• Currently,
neither of the regional news channel produces this kind of special news shows
which covers events of month. 10. Content Input• Will try to cover major beats
of our field.• Anchoring• Piece to camera• Interviews 11. Take off point•
Program logo• Anchor Introduction• News flash 12. Desirable situation• Gain
maximum T.R.P. in next six month 13. Language• Gujarati 14. Format•
Audio-Visual 15. Approach & Treatment• Where ever there will be a necessary
of audience participation for the news story will conduct a participatory
approach or else non participatory approach.• after a specific time, will
conduct a participatory approach for the betterment of content being deliver to
the viewer so as to give the best treatment to the audince. 16. Duration•
Around 30 minutes.
DRAMA." JOURNALISM
AND SCIENCE
Drama isthe specific mode of fiction represented in performance.[1] The term comes
from a Greek word meaning
"action" (Classical Greek:δρᾶμα, drama),
which is derived from the verb meaning "to do" or "to act"
(Classical Greek: δράω, draō).
The enactment of drama in theatre,
performed by actors on a stage before an audience,
presupposes collaborative modes of production and a collective form of
reception. Thestructure of
dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature,
is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception.[2] Theearly modern tragedy Hamlet (1601) by Shakespeare and the classical Athenian tragedy Oedipus the King (c. 429 BCE) by Sophocles are among the
masterpieces of the art of drama.[3] A modern
example is Long
Day's Journey into Night by Eugene O’Neill (1956).[4]The
two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division
between comedy and tragedy.
They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses, Thalia and Melpomene.
Thalia was the Muse of comedy (the laughing face), while Melpomene was the Muse
of tragedy (the weeping face). Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the
dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever
sinceAristotle's Poetics (c. 335 BCE)—the earliest work of dramatic theory.[5]The
use of "drama" in the narrow sense to designate a specific type of play dates from the 19th century. Drama in this sense refers to a play that isneither a comedy nor a tragedy—for example, Zola's Thérèse Raquin (1873) or Chekhov's Ivanov (1887). It is this narrow sense that the film andtelevision industry and film studies adopted to
describe "drama" as a genre within their
respective media.[6] "Radio drama"
has been used in both senses—originally transmitted in a live performance, it
has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the
dramatic output ofradio.[7]Drama
is often combined with music and dance:
the drama in opera is generally
sung throughout; musicals generally
include both spoken dialogueand songs; and some forms of drama have incidental music or musical accompaniment underscoring the dialogue (melodrama and Japanese Nō, for example).[8] In certain
periods of history (the ancient Roman and modern Romantic)
some dramas have been written to be read rather than
performed.[9] In improvisation, the drama does not pre-exist the moment of performance;
performers devise a dramatic script spontaneously before an audience.[10]
INDIA
The earliest form of Indian drama was the Sanskrit drama.[33] It began after the
development of Greek and Roman dramaand before the development of theatre in
other parts of Asia.[33] It emerged sometime
between the 2nd century BCE and the 1st century CE and flourished between the
1st century CE and the 10th, which was a period of relative peace in thehistory of India during which hundreds
of plays were written.[34] With the Islamic conquests that began in the 10th
and 11th centuries, theatre was discouraged or forbidden entirely.[35] Later, in an attempt
to re-assert indigenous values and ideas, village theatre was encouraged across
the subcontinent, developing in a large number of regional languages from the
15th to the 19th centuries.[36] Modern Indian theatre
developed during the period of colonial
rule under the British Empire, from the mid-19th
century until the mid-20th.[37]
Md pragasam is one of
the organaiser of Drama producer, Writer, director of social, Revolutionary. Religious, news
informed to the government of unemploymentation, BGML employees safety
awareness programs , salary, food ,sanitation, public disputes feature of
youths and Childs compulsory education
shown to public through staged, streetplays, microphones. In 60s 70s 80s
He conducted several social programs as well as
medical campuses to facilitate them which gave him a new and a well deserved
identity of a Philanthropist. This new social designation also gave him the
opportunity to become the president and secretary of different welfare
organizations of the society. His dedicated hard work and struggle towards the
uplifting the society was finally recognized and was coated with the essence of
honor and pride as he was awarded with many acclamations and rewards for his
contribution towards the society, to make Dignity to the peoples of
south India
LIFE HISTORY OF MY
BELOVED FATHER LATE MR.M.D.PRAGASAM
My father late
Mr.M.D.Pragasam was born on 1-1-1940, as the eldest son of Mr.Moses and Mrs.
Samadhanam. He shouldered the responsibilities of the family in early days
itself because of poverty and thus he studied only upto Xth standard. He
started doing coolie work in early ages because of poverty. He was one among a
children for my grand parents. My grand father was a mining underground
employee and died in the age of 52 years as he was affected by silicosis
disease. Hence my father was forced to shoulder the family responsibility as he
was the eldest son. He was much interested in arts and social activities. He
married my mother Mrs Chandra in the age of 22 years. He functioned as
Panchayat Secretary in the year 1962 when he was young. He was in social
activities for 40 years. He solved any type of problem in the area smoothly. He
conducted so many marriages. He was the President of South Gilberts for 25
years. He commanded good respect in
public. He was the founder for Agila Jyothi Mariamman temple in South Gilberts.
He was working at Golconda Shaft in Nundydurg mines as a pipe fitter mestry. As
he had interest to serve for the
workers, he was elected as ‘union member’ in CITU for golconda shaft. He served
as Assistant Secretary in CITU union. He was appreciated by everyone, because
of his service standard. He
staged several dramas with the concept of social reforms. He scripted and
staged so many dramas regarding mines safety and also staged some revolutionary
concept drama which enlightened the society. He staged Christian dramas. He
formed ‘silumboh drama’ organization and also ‘People Revolutionary Drama’
organization among his staged dramas.Kaya Palama, Jeeva Thaneer, Udindamalar,
Ena Drohi, Yesuvin Pithana, Udharhalin Roja are so popular. He prepared more
than 100 Christian songs on Mother of Mines, Mary Madha in a week time and
staged it with his own musical direction. For which he was awarded the title of
Sindhanai Sirpi, and Sirumalar Kavinar, by Rev. Father Baliah.I feel proud to
be his son. I was taught from my childhood by my father, how I have to be in
life. I was told to use 50% of my income for family and 50% of my income for
social service. I am doing accordingly which reflects my fathers dream. He had
his last breath on 22-07-2007. we were shocked on his death but still we are
inspired with his ideas and advices.To honour him, I constructed a bus shelter
and a reading room attached to it at Gilberts Circle with the name M.D.Pragasam
Bus Shelter. I formed a trust with the name Com.M.D.Pragasam charitable trust,
which renders social service by way of giving service of medical camp freely,
giving clothes and food to poor and orphans. I don’t spare a single rupee for
me. I do all activities from my own earning. I never get any donation from
anyone for my social service.I will do my service to the society, till my last
breath, I will fulfill my fathers ambition. I am proud to be his son in the
soil. I submit all the awards I got at his feet for blessing.
MRS
CHANDRA
LIFE
HISTORY OF MY BELOVED MOTHER LATE MRS.CHANDRA
Mrs. Chandra my
mother was born in 1943 as the eldest daughter of Mr. Anthony and Mrs.
Philomena. She lost her parents when she was 3 years old, and was cared by her
Uncle. She studied only upto 5th Standard. She worked at the home of
a elder. She lived in a poor state while she was young. She has one younger
brother by name Magimaidoss, a Christian. Who later converted as a Muslim with
the name Abdul Rahman. My father married my mother in a simple manner. My
parents started a simple life and got 5 children by name Mythili, Suresh Babu,
Sathia, Ramesh and Thangaraj. Ramesh my brother died when he was 2 years old
and other 4 are alive now. My mother cares for us so well even when we were in
poor state we were never left without food by our mother. My mother also has
social welfare concepts, helps poor people. She took keen interest on my food,
clothes, education. I am proud to be her son. My father and mother both had
same concept of helping the society. They have similarity concepts in their
name also
Pragasam means ‘ LIGHT’Chandra means ‘ MOON LIGHT’ I
render my service and medals which I received at the foot of my mother for
blessings.
MY SISTER D MITHILIE AND FAMILY
my sister D mithilie, mr prabhakar,P Ashwini, P Aishwarya
MY WIFE G JAYANTHI
MY BROTHER DR REV D SATHIYA AND FAMILY
DR
REV D SATHIYA WIFE UMA SON SAM DANIEL NICKELSON
GAMALIEL DOUGHTER HEPSIBHA
MY BROTHER THANGARASU AND FAMILY
D Thangarasu wife Raichal reena doughter Akshayaand son
sanjay prakash.
MR.M.D.PRAGASAM
By serving the present election happening , we have to
feel bad because votes have been based on
money spent & given to
voters. Once after winning the wherever turned towards public the elected
representative never bothered about
roads portable water and after welfare of
measures. He goes by car always but use voters have to just see it. But
god sees all. Whatever you earn by immoral & unlawful manner it is only to
is temporary one day or other you will be on street, the poor one day or other may rule but the rich
people who makes money out of exploitation from public with be thrown on street
one day or other. The public had been stimulated & were made awareness to come forward and fight by means ,of emotional
songs by Barathiar, Ravindranth Tagoor, Pattukottai Kalyanasundaram. The rich
society treats the poor’s bad but they did not understand that poor may be rich
in one day & the name rich person may be poor. People has top understand
this concept. People has to come forward to fight against rich society who
dominates the society. God also sees all these evils in society & keeps
mum. But there is a day for change till then are have to wait, calm. You will
active one day or other rich people easily by evaded tax & the
authorities are also co-operate. But a
poor is traded & to pay by force by authorities .Poor farness should come
up & the rich should be opposed thereby day for poor’s to come up. The
truth will win one day or other we have to wait till then man & woman have
same cause feelings, having equal rights. It God herself is selfish, what else
the devotees can do? In same manner the law itself gives way for loop holes,
how can we expect we with get welfare measures.
The dominating society should be taught lessons, then only poor’s can
come up. Have principles and try to achieve and face the hardles boldly what
ever it is till you achieve. I am
struggling for poors uplift your hard work and support is the boost for my
achieve. You be cautions because the cobra acts as good worst people acts, as
such they are good ea acts as a watch man for mites, The fox gives good impression with its own
motive..,( Karl marks ) was the person, raises his voice & give
recognisation for working class, farmers general police and for uplift of
society. The poor workman, work hard for low wages. He does not have proper
found, cloth, shelter. We should come forward to fight for the upright of poors
. God helps the bad elements, smugglers at present but the same bad elements
may be thrown out one day or other. The rich person dominates every where he
gets a degree without studies & with money. By spending money without basic
qualification a rich person becomes leader & does whatever be wants. He
comes to use power with use helps of poor’s
but after he is elected he faced the same poor without mercy. Before
elected he promised that jobs with created but after elected he causes for
closure of existing industries. Fake currencies are at a large. It can’t be done by
a poor. Tax evading, Block money, cheating, etc are common in society.
If anybody get caught a commission is
appointed but no proper enjoying & action is taken so far, it is just
formal. Poet Pattukottai Kalyanasundaram started writing poems in his age, of
17 years which is against poverty in society, how the rich in society , how use
poor students struggles to study etc which stimulates the who society but died
in use age of 29 years & person is boon free without dress even & after
death also just body is buried or
cremated without any of his property & belongings then why a person has to
be greedy of earning in legal means. It
all the property, money are equally distributed there will not be in balanced
society everyone with be happy There are lot of trade union leaders who works
hard for workers without sleep, without food & with satisfaction they are
the pillars for society In appeal to all
& come forward to fight against evils with confident that we will win. If
you don’t works hard you will struggle
for your bread & butter society a ruled by using castes & religious as
weapon. Our Indian consolidation is made under the chairman ship of Dr.
B.R.Ambedkar inspite Abraham lincon belongs to a black, he ruled USA as a
president. Though God Jesus was from a carpentry family he was recognized as
God by Christian society so caste & religion is no bar to lead the society
& to win respect mother as god,
respect woman “Anna” said we see God at the smile of Poor’s. The great leader Lenin fought for the uplift
of poor society & air for equality. He struggled a lot for change of
society & achieved. In society there are lot of ups and downs, rich and
poor. Lot of people struggle for their food, to educate their children. Of
course we have law rich people uses the loopholes and live comfortably. That rich people and
politicians are the blockades for up light of the society & welfare program .So where ever is needed to make law ,
rules etc to be rigid it should be amended accordingly and the welfare for society should reacts without
any huddles, so that we can see the happy society & uplift of country.
NATIONALISM, SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND CIVIL SOCIETY
Education is the
process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge,
skills and values from one generation to another. The role of education in
facilitating social and economic progress is well recognized. It opens up
opportunities leading to both individual and group entitlements. Education, in
its broadest sense of development of youth, is the most crucial input for
empowering people with skills and knowledge and giving them access to
productive employment in future.
Education should also
prepare the children to be the rightful future citizens aware of their social
responsibilities and equipped with the skills to effectively participate in
furthering the common social good. Imbibing the young minds with proper ethical
values, imparting skills of team work and leadership and learning to do
creative things individually and in groups have to be an essential part of a
holistic education. Building social skills at an early stage of education is
essential so that our youth entering the colleges can handle the sometimes
difficult dialogs involving the religion and the socio-economic structure.
Education should also enable them as individuals later in life to rise above
their differences of caste, religion or economic status and help them arrive at
consensus on issues important for the growth of the nation. A comprehensive
education curriculum needs to familiarize the students at the appropriate stage
with the political process and the practical insight into the structure of
government and its functioning. This will enable them for greater and effective
participation in the political process by taking leadership role in the
society. Improvements in education are not only expected to enhance efficiency
but also augment the overall quality of life. The objective of national
education should be to develop an army of proud and independent Indians
striving for innovation, creativity and excellence in all walks of life. The
education must fill the youth with a spirit of supreme confidence in themselves
and in their nation with an awareness that he/she has something to offer to the
country and to the world.. We invite volunteers to join out team researching on
the education curriculum at the primary schooling all the way to the high
schools and identify the gaps that exist at various stages. Development of such
a comprehensive curriculum either from bottoms up or by way of augmenting the
existing one has to be done in stages. This multi-stage approach is required so
as to build consesus on need for a change in the current curriculum as well as
to demonstrate the tremendous benefits of introducing it at the school level.
To start with,we have
tasked our volunteers to evolve a complementary curriculum such that it can be
introduced to students in a workshop setting allowing the students to benefit
from its diverse content. We are also developing ways to measure the benefits
of such workshops to the students in instituting the kinds of skills that the
proposed revolutionary curriculum aims to bring about.
